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In this article, we suggest that a functional analysis based on environmental (challenging environments) and biological (challenging needs) motivating operations provides a more parsimonious and empirically grounded account of challenging behavior than that proposed by sensitivity theory. It is argued that the concept of the motivating operation provides a means of integrating diverse strands of research without the undue inference of mentalistic constructs. An integrated model of challenging behavior is proposed, one that remains compatible with the central tenets of functional analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445506298424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,4]],"date-time":"2007-06-04T14:53:08Z","timestamp":1180968788000},"page":"466-487","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Incorporating \u201cMotivation\u201d Into the Functional Analysis of Challenging Behavior"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Langthorne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kent"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"McGill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kent"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"O'Reilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-4222(99)00031-1"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association.","year":"1994","edition":"4"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.1968.1-91"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.2000.33-463"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/11139-000"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2788.1999.00234.x"},{"key":"atypb7","first-page":"347","volume":"20","author":"Caldwell, M.L.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Mental Deficiency Research"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2779(2000)6:4<293::AID-MRDD8>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"atypb9","unstructured":"Carr, E.G., Reeve, C.E. & Magito-McLaughlin, D. 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