{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T20:42:40Z","timestamp":1793911360802,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,10,1]],"date-time":"1999-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":938736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav Modif"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>One possible alternative to standard in vivo exposure may be virtual reality exposure. Virtual reality integrates real-time computer graphics, body tracking devices, visual displays, and other sensory input devices to immerse a participant in a computer-generated virtual environment. Virtual reality exposure (VRE) is potentially an efficient and cost-effective treatment of anxiety disorders. VRE therapy has been successful in reducing the fear of heights in the first knowncontrolled study of virtual reality in the treatment of a psychological disorder. Outcome was assessed on measures of anxiety, avoidance, attitudes, and distress. Significant group differences were found on all measures such that theVREgroupwas significantly improved at posttreatment but the control group was unchanged. The efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy was also supported for the fear of flying in a case study. The potential for virtual reality exposure treatment for these and other disorders is explored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445599234001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,10]],"date-time":"2007-03-10T21:20:41Z","timestamp":1173561641000},"page":"507-525","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["The Use of Virtual Reality Exposure in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Barbara Olasov","family":"Rothbaum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry F.","family":"Hodges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(69)90022-4"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/142920.134061"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(90)90002-3"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1145\/166117.166132","volume":"93","author":"Bergman, L. D.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proceedings of SIGGRAPH"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810270028003"},{"key":"atypb6","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Proceedings 1986 Workshop on Interactive 3D Graphics","author":"Brooks, F. P., Jr."},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(96)00085-X"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700022352"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.99.1.20"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(89)80067-X"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1087-126"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.46.5.978"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1992.1.3.306"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/2.391038"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(83)80078-1"},{"key":"atypb16","volume-title":"The science of virtual reality and virtual environments","author":"Kalawsky, R. S.","year":"1993"},{"key":"atypb17","volume-title":"Third International Conference on Artificial Reality and Tele-Existence","author":"Kijima, R."},{"key":"atypb18","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder in review: DSM-IV and beyond","author":"Kilpatrick, D. G.","year":"1993"},{"key":"atypb19","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"Lamson, R. J.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cyberedge Journal"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.154.2.221"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-6185(92)90003-P"},{"key":"atypb22","volume-title":"Emergency services stress: Guidelines for preserving the health and careers of emergency services personnel","author":"Mitchell, J. T.","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb23","unstructured":"National Victim Center and Crime Victim Research and Treatment Center. (1992)."},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1992.1.3.344"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(75)90033-6"},{"key":"atypb26","first-page":"342","volume":"60","author":"Roberts, R. J.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490050309"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.4.626"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(05)80100-5"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(96)00007-1"},{"key":"atypb31","first-page":"119","author":"Strickland, D.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Autism France Third International Conference on Computers and Autism"},{"key":"atypb32","first-page":"757","volume":"33","author":"Sutherland, I.","year":"1965","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Fall Joint Computer Conference, AFIPS Conference Proceedings"},{"key":"atypb33","first-page":"506","volume":"2","author":"Sutherland, I.","year":"1968","journal-title":"Proceedings AFIPS Congress"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490050304"}],"container-title":["Behavior Modification"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0145445599234001","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0145445599234001","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T13:26:08Z","timestamp":1777382768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0145445599234001"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,10]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0145445599234001"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0145445599234001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-4455","1552-4167"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-4455","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-4167","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,10]]}}}