{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T04:21:18Z","timestamp":1793420478470,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2_suppl","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]],"date-time":"2020-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598832000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ear Nose Throat J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The most widely used diagnostic technique for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). It can be done on different samples: nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) or oropharyngeal swabs (OPS), and self-collected saliva. However, negative findings do not rule out infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A review was conceived to discuss advantages and limitations of the available diagnostic modalities for nonserologic diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 based on RT-PCR; the article also proposes some practical suggestions to improve diagnostic reliability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 16 papers (corresponding to 452 patients) of the 56 initially identified were included. Most of the papers describe findings from different samples obtained in limited case series; comparative studies are missing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diagnostic accuracy of NPS and OPS is suboptimal and the risk of contaminated aerosol dispersal is not negligible. The SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be found in self-collected saliva specimens of many infected patients within 7 to 10 days after symptom onset. There is an urgent need for comparative trials to define the diagnostic modality of choice. Adequate education and training of health care personnel is mandatory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0145561320953231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]],"date-time":"2020-08-31T09:53:59Z","timestamp":1598867639000},"page":"131S-138S","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR Using Different Sample Sources: Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"100","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8461-6042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Torretta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianvincenzo","family":"Zuccotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Cristofaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacopo","family":"Ettori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Solimeno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludovica","family":"Battilocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"D\u2019Onghia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Bonsembiante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Pignataro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Marchisio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Capaccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Department of Biomedical Surgical Dental Science, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0145561320953231","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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