{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T07:34:41Z","timestamp":1793864081481,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648080000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ear Nose Throat J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: To identify predictors of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) after adenotonsillectomy (T&amp;A) in children under 3\u00a0years of age and to describe the characteristics of children with OSA under 3\u00a0years of age undergoing T&amp;A in an ethnically diverse population. Methods: We examined 87 children under 3\u00a0years with T&amp;A and pre- and post-operative polysomnography (PSG) between 8\/2012 and 3\/2020 at a large tertiary care hospital. Differences were compared for covariates including demographics, comorbidities, and respiratory parameters. Regression was used to identify predictors of persistent severe OSA. Significance was set at P &lt; .05. Results: Of the 87 children in the study, 64 (74%) were male, 26 (30%) were obese, 34 (39%) were Hispanic, and 35 (40%) were Black. Most children (94%) had improvements in OSA severity as measured by the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) after T&amp;A, but 78% had persistent OSA (AHI \u22651) after surgery. Children with persistent mild, compared to moderate-severe OSA, were more likely to have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (50% versus 24%, P = .025), a craniofacial disorder (30% versus 10%, P = .025), Down syndrome (20% versus 5%, P = .031), or pre-operative severe OSA. Conclusions: This study of an ethnically diverse population found that T&amp;A is an effective procedure at improving, but not resolving, OSA in children under 3\u00a0years. Children with Down syndrome, craniofacial abnormalities, GERD, or pre-operative severe OSA who are under 3\u00a0years old are at high risk for persistent OSA and may benefit from post-operative PSG. Future study should examine complications and long-term outcomes of T&amp;A in this age group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/01455613221086526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T20:11:51Z","timestamp":1648152711000},"page":"794-800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Outcomes of Adenotonsillectomy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children Under 3 Years of Age"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"103","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1112-4693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swathi S.","family":"Rayasam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UT Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0676-6579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Abijay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UT Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romaine","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, UT Southwestern and Children\u2019s Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7890-0541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ron B.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, UT Southwestern and Children\u2019s Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-01455613221086526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.6.1255a"},{"key":"bibr2-01455613221086526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200708-138MG"},{"key":"bibr3-01455613221086526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5876(03)00182-4"},{"key":"bibr4-01455613221086526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2009.04.003"},{"key":"bibr5-01455613221086526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2009.01.034"},{"key":"bibr6-01455613221086526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002221511200237X"},{"key":"bibr7-01455613221086526","volume-title":"Tonsillectomy for Obstructive Sleep-Disordered Breathing or Recurrent Throat Infection Children [Internet]","author":"Francis DO","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr8-01455613221086526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2013.4686"},{"key":"bibr9-01455613221086526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2004.12.010"},{"key":"bibr10-01455613221086526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2011.07.035"},{"key":"bibr11-01455613221086526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29536"},{"key":"bibr12-01455613221086526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599818801757"},{"key":"bibr13-01455613221086526","volume-title":"Child Growth Standards 2020","author":"BMI-for-age tables","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr14-01455613221086526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)36806-7"},{"key":"bibr15-01455613221086526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2014.03.012"},{"key":"bibr16-01455613221086526","volume-title":"The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specifications version 2.1","author":"Medicine AAoS","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr17-01455613221086526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.1388"},{"key":"bibr18-01455613221086526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599816636626"},{"key":"bibr19-01455613221086526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2006.08.067"},{"key":"bibr20-01455613221086526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348941011900802"},{"key":"bibr21-01455613221086526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S154723"},{"key":"bibr22-01455613221086526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm.2010.16.1.22"},{"key":"bibr23-01455613221086526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.1996.tb00028.x"},{"key":"bibr24-01455613221086526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.21093"}],"container-title":["Ear, Nose &amp; 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