{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T15:41:50Z","timestamp":1790091710490,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1_suppl","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674000000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ear Nose Throat J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We previously reported pandemic year (2020) intraoperative middle ear effusion (MEE) rate at time of bilateral myringotomy tube (BMT) placement was 18% lower compared to pre-pandemic year (2019). After mandatory stay at home orders (MSHO) and pandemic social distancing precautions were relaxed, we aimed to assess the impact of a persistent pandemic with new COVID-19 variants on MEE presence during BMT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is a retrospective chart summary exempted by Nemours institutional review board at a single tertiary children\u2019s hospital. Children &lt; 18\u00a0years who underwent BMT during March 1, 2019\u2013June 31, 2019 (pre-COVID), March 1, 2020\u2013June 31, 2020 (PY1), and March 1, 2021\u2013June 31, 2021 (PY2) were included. Statistical analysis included chi-squared and KruskalWallis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1069 BMTs were reviewed: 551 (52%) during pre-COVID, 227 (21%) during PY1, and 291 (27%) during PY2. There were no significant differences in age, sex, or BMI across comparison groups. Intraoperative MEE was significantly higher pre-COVID (83%) compared to PY1 (65%) and PY2 (69%) ( P &lt; .001) despite a small rebound in PY2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intraoperative MEE remains lower in subsequent pandemic years despite relaxed public health measures and may be impacted by persistent public health measures like masking, lower return to daycare, variable social distancing, and\/or change to access to health care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/01455613221140275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T06:17:02Z","timestamp":1674022622000},"page":"40S-47S","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effusion Prevalence at Tympanostomy During COVID-19: Follow-Up"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"103","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8673-523X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dang-Khoa","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmine","family":"Ghattas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy M.","family":"Maul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA"},{"name":"Nemours Children\u2019s Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie L.","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-01455613221140275","volume-title":"Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine 2011 Levels of Evidence","author":"Jeremy Howick 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