{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T05:23:07Z","timestamp":1788326587310,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689292800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ear Nose Throat J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Atrophic rhinitis (AR) is a rare clinical condition affecting the nasal mucosa. It is characterized by progressive nasal congestion and thick, bothersome nasal secretions. In this narrative review, pathogenesis, differences between the 2 types of AR, new management modalities, and the impact of management on lifestyle have been highlighted.\n                    <jats:bold>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    An extensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Saudi Digital Library databases. The articles were investigated to extract information on the pathogenesis, types, new treatment modalities, and the impact of management on lifestyle.\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    AR has primary and secondary types that affect different populations and have specific clinical presentations. Primary AR is common in women and countries with long, warm seasons. Secondary AR is the most common disease in the industrialized world. It is more common among adults who have systemic disease, have undergone extensive nasal surgery, and have experienced nasal trauma. Certain infections, autoimmune disorders, chronic sinusitis, hormonal imbalance, poor nutritional condition, and iron deficiency anemia have been suggested as etiological factors. Conservative treatment is safe, inexpensive, and effective. Hygiene, a well-balanced diet, smoking cessation, and early detection and treatment of nasal pathology can help prevent AR. Some interventions shown to improve quality of life was explained in detail.\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This paper reviewed published relevant literature on AR related to pathogenesis, types, new treatment modalities, and the impact of treatment on lifestyle, thus, providing a comprehensive view of the management and prevention of AR.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/01455613231185022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T04:34:26Z","timestamp":1689309266000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["An Updated Review on Atrophic Rhinitis and Empty Nose Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Ibrahim Ali","family":"Sumaily","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, King Fahd Central Hospital, Jazan, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nouf Adel","family":"Hakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, King Fahd Central Hospital, Jazan, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anwar Dhawi","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Maternity and Children\u2019s Hospital, AL Qassim, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman Abdullah","family":"Alsudays","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebrahim Mohammed","family":"Abulqusim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, King Fahd Central Hospital, Jazan, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Maki","family":"Abualgasem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, King Fahd Central Hospital, Jazan, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman Ahmad","family":"Alghulikah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Security Force Hospital, Ministry of interior, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman Awad","family":"Alserhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ad Diriyah Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022215100156506"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2009.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/194589240101500601"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-010-1391-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/002221505774783377"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5402\/2012\/404075"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022215100120626"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/0022215001905508"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"94","article-title":"Vasomotor rhinitis\u2013atrophic rhinitis: two ends of an autonomic spectrum","volume":"30","author":"Raman R","year":"1989","unstructured":"Raman R. 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