{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T01:32:02Z","timestamp":1780536722469,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695945600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ear Nose Throat J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Olfactory dysfunction can negatively impact the quality of life and increase the risk of danger from warning odors. Various factors can cause olfactory dysfunction, including COVID-19 infection, which has increased anosmia cases. No medications are approved; however, recent studies have suggested that intranasal insulin could effectively treat olfactory dysfunction.\n                    <jats:bold>Aim:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness and safety of intranasal insulin in treating olfactory dysfunction.\n                    <jats:bold>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    PubMed, Google Scholar, and CENTRAL databases were searched using specific keywords, and the outputs were screened using the Rayyan AI system. Original research articles published without time frame limitations that reported the relevant outcomes were included. The reviewers performed the screening and data extraction, and any disagreements were resolved by a third senior author.\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This systematic review identified 66 references from 3 databases, with 45 articles meeting the criteria for review after duplicates were removed. Six articles met the inclusion criteria and were selected, including 177 subjects. The selected studies consisted of various study designs, including pilot studies, placebo-controlled trials, crossover studies, and randomized clinical trials. The findings showed that intranasal insulin therapy had beneficial effects on olfactory function. Specifically, improvements were observed in olfactory detection and discrimination in patients with post-COVID-19 anosmia, olfactory threshold performance in healthy participants, and odor identification in hyposmic patients. However, there were variations in the observed effects based on different doses of insulin administered and gender differences. It also shows that using insulin provides good outcomes. Using it intranasally was safe and did not cause any complications.\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Intranasal insulin has shown promising results as a potentially safe treatment for olfactory dysfunction. Studies suggest that it can improve olfactory thresholds. Further studies are needed to investigate optimal doses and potential gender differences in response.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/01455613231201028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]],"date-time":"2023-09-30T02:18:18Z","timestamp":1696040298000},"page":"295-301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Outcome and Safety of Insulin in the Management of Smell Loss: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Thamer M.","family":"AlBilasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology - Head &amp; Neck Surgery (ORL-H&amp;N), Prince Sultan Military Medical City (PSMMC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rawan Mahmoud","family":"Alanazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A Medical Student College of Medicine, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7666-9235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lama F.","family":"AlDhawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A Medical Student at Al-Maarefa University College of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abeer Ali","family":"Albathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology - Head &amp; Neck Surgery (ORL-H&amp;N), Prince Sultan Military Medical City (PSMMC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-018-0796-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168912"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.1c00477"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174582"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjx025"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.2012.01555.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599818764624"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhino15.065"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2061"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120600"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43693-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00580"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200103000-00008"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"1325","article-title":"Olfactory dysfunction: a review on neurophysiology and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors","volume":"13","author":"Dhandhukia JP VI","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dhandhukia JP VI, Patel JG, Koringa PG. Olfactory dysfunction: a review on neurophysiology and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2019;13(2):1325\u20131331.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6815-13-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjj042"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000249922.37381.1e"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","author":"Soad A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Soad A, Minia U, Deraya U. Clinical Assessment of Insulin Fast Dissolving Film in Treatment of Post Infection Anosmia. ClinicalTrials.gov; 2021.","journal-title":"Clinical Assessment of Insulin Fast Dissolving Film in Treatment of Post Infection Anosmia"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","author":"Daniel D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Daniel D, Paula LN, Eduardo BM, et al. Intranasal Insulin for COVID-19-Related Smell Loss. Springer; 2021.","journal-title":"Intranasal Insulin for COVID-19-Related Smell Loss"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820943550"}],"container-title":["Ear, Nose &amp; Throat Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/01455613231201028","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/01455613231201028","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/01455613231201028","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T18:34:13Z","timestamp":1777401253000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/01455613231201028"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/01455613231201028"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01455613231201028","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-5613","1942-7522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-5613","type":"print"},{"value":"1942-7522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]}}}