{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T15:16:49Z","timestamp":1777562209790,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3_suppl","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727395200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ear Nose Throat J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: The use of mobile phone is increasing around the world. Although it is beneficial in terms of communication, the electromagnetic radiations emitted by mobile phones may cause undesirable biological effects on the human body. In practical use, the tissue with which mobile phones come into most and are closest is the parotid gland. This study investigated the effects of the 1800 MHz electromagnetic field created by a generator on the parotid gland in rats. Methods: A total of 21 Sprague\u2013Dawley Albino rats were included in the study. The rats were randomly divided into three equal groups. To simulate a mobile phone in conversation mode, the first study group was exposed to an 1800-MHz electromagnetic field for 6 hours a day for 30 days, and the second study group was exposed to an 1800-MHz electromagnetic field for 12 hours a day for 30 days. After 30 days, rats were sacrificed, and histopathological and immunohistochemical methods were used to evaluate the effects on the parotid gland. The total antioxidant level and the total oxidant level were measured biochemically in homogenized parotid tissue. Results: Histopathological results showed an increase in degeneration in rats exposed to electromagnetic fields for 6 and 12 hours a day, and immunohistochemical analysis showed an increase in the apoptotic index in both study groups ( P = .001, P &lt; .001). Intranuclear inclusions was observed during histopathological examination performed by electron microscopy. Conclusions: This study observed that the 1800 MHz electromagnetic field caused undesirable adverse histopathological and biochemical effects on the parotid gland of rats. Histopathological and biochemical findings were detected with increasing contact and exposure time. This study will lead to other studies on this topic and contribute to the literature by completing other studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/01455613241287295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T14:10:57Z","timestamp":1727446257000},"page":"75S-82S","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Does Radiofrequency Radiation From Mobile Phones Affect the Formation of Parotid Gland Malignancy? An Experimental Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"103","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3423-6938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zerrin","family":"Ozergin Coskun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan University, Rize, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Levent","family":"Tumkaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan University, Rize, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adnan","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan University, Rize, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Engin","family":"Dursun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, Faculty of Medicine, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tolga","family":"Mercantepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan University Faculty of Medicine, Rize, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yildiray","family":"Kalkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice, Histology and Embryology, Rize, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Safak","family":"Ersoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Karadeniz Technical University Faculty of Medicine, Trabzon, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-01455613241287295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1808-8694(15)30762-X"},{"issue":"17","key":"bibr2-01455613241287295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7306","volume":"112","author":"Ahlbom A","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"bibr3-01455613241287295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(01)00285-5"},{"key":"bibr4-01455613241287295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7099.1000139"},{"key":"bibr5-01455613241287295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/0886022X.2014.985995"},{"key":"bibr6-01455613241287295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623310385140"},{"key":"bibr7-01455613241287295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2003.10.014"},{"key":"bibr8-01455613241287295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2005.08.008"},{"key":"bibr9-01455613241287295","first-page":"46","volume-title":"Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children","volume":"2010","author":"Mc Cance KL"},{"key":"bibr10-01455613241287295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15368378.2023.2252457"},{"key":"bibr11-01455613241287295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00718588"},{"key":"bibr12-01455613241287295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000333892"},{"key":"bibr13-01455613241287295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2009.00112.x"},{"key":"bibr14-01455613241287295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2011.03.007"},{"key":"bibr15-01455613241287295","first-page":"21","volume":"44","author":"Horowitz M","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol"},{"key":"bibr16-01455613241287295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15376510701380182"},{"key":"bibr17-01455613241287295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15368378.2019.1567526"},{"key":"bibr18-01455613241287295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110297"},{"key":"bibr19-01455613241287295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12040594"},{"key":"bibr20-01455613241287295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.07.015"},{"key":"bibr21-01455613241287295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cccn.2003.10.012"},{"key":"bibr22-01455613241287295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00232-013-9597-9"},{"key":"bibr23-01455613241287295","first-page":"552","volume":"4","author":"Orrenius S","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"}],"container-title":["Ear, Nose &amp; 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