{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T09:10:36Z","timestamp":1781687436146,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,1]],"date-time":"2006-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1162339200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Educ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Insulin therapy has been shown to benefit the prognosis in patients with type 2 diabetes, but its initiation and intensification is often delayed through concerns about hypoglycemia and weight gain. In addition, weight gain is linked to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and contributes to the overall risk for adverse cardiovascular outcomes. This article attempts to summarize this issue and examine the options available for weight management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>A broad range of literature has been reviewed to distil important, consistent facts about insulin and weight gain and the options available for limiting the problem.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Unfortunately, the great benefits of insulin therapy may be potentially undermined by weight gain. Weight gain is physiologically and psychologically undesirable, especially in patients with diabetes who are already overweight. The fear of weight gain with some medications contributes to psychological insulin resistance, which may discourage patients from commencing or following insulin regimens. However, new diabetes treatments and lifestyle interventions can be used to mitigate these problems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The exact choice of insulin and oral medications and weight loss interventions are important considerations in the overall management of patients with type 2 diabetes. Changes in a patient\u2019s lifestyle, such as modifications to diet and implementing an exercise program, are first-line treatments for type 2 diabetes and can also counteract insulin-induced weight gain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0145721706294259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,13]],"date-time":"2006-11-13T19:47:24Z","timestamp":1163447244000},"page":"910-917","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Insulin Treatment and the Problem of Weight Gain in Type 2 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Catherine","family":"Carver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, cathy.carver@joslin.harvard.edu"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","first-page":"1414","volume":"9","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.5.1047"},{"issue":"2","key":"atypb3","first-page":"B1","volume":"23","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Global strategy on diet, physical activity and health"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.7.898"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115686"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-122-7-199504010-00001"},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"Diagnosis and management of type 2 diabetes","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.8.3.224"},{"key":"atypb10","first-page":"2021","volume":"56","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician."},{"key":"atypb11","unstructured":"US Renal Data System. USRDS 1994 Annual Data Report. Bethesda, Md: National Institutes of Health, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 1994."},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0800410"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2003.01229.x"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4543(03)00043-5"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200565030-00005"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)07037-8"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7258.405"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021778"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8227(95)01064-K"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540170053032"},{"issue":"4","key":"atypb21","first-page":"326S","volume":"9","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obes Res."},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2003.10719316"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/146642409911900202"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802173"},{"key":"atypb25","volume-title":"DAWN: Diabetes Attitudes Wishes and Needs"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.6.1069"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.8.2311"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.8.1904"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.9.2154"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2004.01.015"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.4.914"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/meta.2000.9515"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.330.7497.965-b"},{"issue":"11","key":"atypb34","first-page":"37","volume":"61","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.11.7.567"},{"issue":"1","key":"atypb36","first-page":"S23","volume":"65","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract."},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.42.12.1700"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00075197-200001000-00011"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/embo-reports\/kve071"},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.9.1525"},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-789x.2000.00007.x"},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5487.2122"},{"key":"atypb43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5487.2066"},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.5.1081"},{"key":"atypb45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(04)90072-0"},{"key":"atypb46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2004.00373.x"},{"key":"atypb47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.3.590"},{"key":"atypb48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2004.00363.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"atypb49","first-page":"S233","volume":"53","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes."},{"key":"atypb50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.11.2628"},{"key":"atypb51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.1.125"},{"key":"atypb52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.6.1033"},{"key":"atypb53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.18.1.37"},{"key":"atypb54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035622"},{"key":"atypb55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000089851.41115.1b"},{"key":"atypb56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1381\/0960892041975686"},{"key":"atypb57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(02)90031-3"},{"key":"atypb58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014572170002600207"},{"key":"atypb59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.20.11.1744"},{"key":"atypb60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1987.00370100063012"},{"key":"atypb61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1991.00400070100012"},{"key":"atypb62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.53.1.111"},{"key":"atypb63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-53-3-560"},{"key":"atypb64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(84)90429-7"},{"key":"atypb65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-61-5-917"},{"key":"atypb66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1988.00380040113017"},{"key":"atypb67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(88)90500-1"},{"key":"atypb68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1994.10718406"},{"key":"atypb69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/63.1.110"},{"key":"atypb70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/65.3.861"},{"key":"atypb71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.10.1691"},{"key":"atypb72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.12.2579"},{"issue":"2","key":"atypb73","first-page":"277S","volume":"3","year":"1995","journal-title":"Obes Res."},{"key":"atypb74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2005.01.009"},{"key":"atypb75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199411000-00007"},{"key":"atypb76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2004.95"},{"key":"atypb77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200007000-00024"},{"key":"atypb78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2004.01342.x"},{"key":"atypb79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/1359107041557066"},{"key":"atypb80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.3.732"},{"key":"atypb81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.20.3.292"},{"key":"atypb82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.6.919"},{"key":"atypb83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-119-7_Part_2-199310011-00013"},{"key":"atypb84","volume-title":"Clinical Nutrition Guideline for Overweight and Obese Adults With Type 2 Diabetes, Prediabetes or at High Risk for Developing Type 2 Diabetes"}],"container-title":["The Diabetes Educator"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0145721706294259","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0145721706294259","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T15:00:05Z","timestamp":1777647605000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0145721706294259"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0145721706294259"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0145721706294259","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-7217","1554-6063"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-7217","type":"print"},{"value":"1554-6063","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]}}}