{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T07:49:14Z","timestamp":1789890554671,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]],"date-time":"2004-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1088640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pers Soc Psychol Bull"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>These studies were designed to test cognitive dissonance theory\u2019s assertion that alternatives are not reevaluated before a choice. Participants viewed information about horses in a simulated race and rated each one\u2019s chance of winning three times before placing their bet and once after placing it. It was found that ratings of the chosen horse increased within the predecision period as well as after betting. Predecision bolstering occurred even when participants did not expect to bet, and predecision preference increased with task importance and participant expertise. The findings are attributed to maintenance of consistency throughout a cognitive system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167204264083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,6]],"date-time":"2004-06-06T04:03:33Z","timestamp":1086494613000},"page":"891-904","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Bias at the Racetrack: Effects of Individual Expertise and Task Importance on Predecision Reevaluation of Alternatives"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Aaron L.","family":"Brownstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0041006"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.4.545"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781503620766"},{"key":"atypb4","unstructured":"Festinger, L. (1964). Conflict, decision, and dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press."},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frey, D. (1986). Recent research on selective exposure to information. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 19, pp. 41-80). New York: Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60212-9"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167283093006"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heider, F, (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. Oxford, UK: Wiley.","DOI":"10.1037\/10628-000"},{"key":"atypb8","unstructured":"Hogarth, R. M. (1987). Judgement and choice (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley."},{"key":"atypb9","unstructured":"Jecker, J. D. (1968). Conflict and dissonance: A time of decision. In R. P. Abelson, E. Aronson, W. J. McGuire, T. M. Newcomb, M. J. Rosenberg, & P. H. Tannenbaum (Eds.), Theories of cognitive consistency: A sourcebook. Chicago: Rand McNally."},{"key":"atypb10","unstructured":"Judd, C. M. & Brauer, M. (1995). Repetition and evaluative extremity. In R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 43-71). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0025528"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1031(88)90016-9"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McClelland, J. L. & Rumelhart, D. E. (1986). Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition. Vol. 2. Psychological and biological models. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5236.001.0001"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.2.259"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167295213007"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montgomery, H. (1983). Decision rules and the search for a dominance structure: Towards a process model of decision making. In P. C. Humphreys, O. Svenson, & A. Vari (Eds.), Analysing and aiding decision processes (pp. 343-369). Amsterdam\/Budapest: North-Holland and Akademiai Kiado.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62243-8"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0031466"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1031(69)90059-6"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327957pspr0101_3"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.78.4.620"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.70.4.844"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327957PSPR0604_03"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.27.5.1250"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/209290"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6918(92)90044-E"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167298249001"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60010-6"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/obhd.1998.2775"},{"key":"atypb29","unstructured":"von Neumann, J. & Morgenstern, O. (1944). Theory of games and economic behavior. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press."},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0771(199906)12:2<93::AID-BDM311>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/obhd.1996.0013"}],"container-title":["Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0146167204264083","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0146167204264083","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T15:40:08Z","timestamp":1777650008000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0146167204264083"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0146167204264083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167204264083","relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-1672","1552-7433"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-1672","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-7433","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]}}}