{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T23:40:57Z","timestamp":1784677257030,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,6]],"date-time":"2011-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1307318400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pers Soc Psychol Bull"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A large body of research has documented the performance-debilitating effects of stereotype threat for individuals, but there is a paucity of research exploring interpersonal consequences of stereotype threat. Two experiments tested the hypothesis that stereotype threat would change the style in which women communicate. Results indicate that women who experience stereotype threat regarding leadership abilities react against the stereotype by adopting a more masculine communication style. Study 2 provides evidence that self-affirmation eliminates this effect of stereotype threat on women\u2019s communication styles. A third study demonstrates an ironic consequence of this effect of stereotype threat on women\u2019s communication\u2014when women under stereotype threat adopt a more masculine communication style, they are rated as less warm and likeable, and evaluators indicate less willingness to comply with their requests. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167211410439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,7]],"date-time":"2011-06-07T00:44:42Z","timestamp":1307407482000},"page":"1312-1324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Stereotype Threat and Female Communication Styles"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Courtney","family":"von Hippel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy","family":"Wiryakusuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Bowden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Shochet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mar.20071"},{"key":"bibr2-0146167211410439","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Sex differences and similarities in communication","author":"Aries E.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr3-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327043hup1902_3"},{"key":"bibr4-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00340"},{"key":"bibr5-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1031(03)00099-4"},{"key":"bibr6-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01545034"},{"key":"bibr7-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.59.5.941"},{"key":"bibr8-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.68.6.1030"},{"key":"bibr9-0146167211410439","first-page":"144","volume-title":"Women in management: Current research issues","author":"Case S. S.","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr10-0146167211410439","volume-title":"Women \u201ctake care","author":"Catalyst","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr11-0146167211410439","volume-title":"The double-bind for women in leadership: Damned if you do","author":"Catalyst","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr12-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1564-913X.1999.tb00396.x"},{"key":"bibr13-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1128317"},{"key":"bibr14-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1170769"},{"key":"bibr15-0146167211410439","first-page":"107","volume-title":"Social communication: Frontiers of social psychology","author":"Conway L. G.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr16-0146167211410439","volume-title":"Talking difference: on gender and language","author":"Crawford M.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr17-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167204263961"},{"key":"bibr18-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014616702237644"},{"key":"bibr19-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2003.09.004"},{"key":"bibr20-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.4.569"},{"key":"bibr21-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.109.3.573"},{"key":"bibr22-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021020920715"},{"key":"bibr23-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00290055"},{"key":"bibr24-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6916.2008.00060.x"},{"key":"bibr25-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0022-4537.00128"},{"key":"bibr26-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.76.6.928"},{"key":"bibr27-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.94.1.91"},{"key":"bibr28-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X99018002002"},{"key":"bibr29-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X06303457"},{"key":"bibr30-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0022-4537.00234"},{"key":"bibr31-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.92.1.81"},{"key":"bibr32-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.89.3.416"},{"key":"bibr33-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.95.4.796"},{"key":"bibr34-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.46.020195.002245"},{"key":"bibr35-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/obhd.2001.2979"},{"key":"bibr36-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167203261884"},{"key":"bibr37-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kray L. J., Thompson L., Galinsky A. (2001). Battle of the sexes: Gender stereotype confirmation and reactance in negotiations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 942-958.","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.80.6.942"},{"key":"bibr38-0146167211410439","volume-title":"Language and women\u2019s place","author":"Lakoff R. T.","year":"1975"},{"key":"bibr39-0146167211410439","unstructured":"Liberman B. (2007). Stereotypes: The impact of prescriptions on worker\u2019s experiences. Retrieved from http:\/\/wfnetwork.bc.edu\/encyclopedia_entry.php?id=6330&area=All"},{"key":"bibr40-0146167211410439","first-page":"281","volume-title":"Sex differences and similarities in communication","author":"Lindsey A. E.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr41-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1048-9843(96)90027-2"},{"key":"bibr42-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.85.6.989"},{"key":"bibr43-0146167211410439","first-page":"236","volume":"42","author":"Martens A.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"bibr44-0146167211410439","volume-title":"Interactive cases in organisational behaviour","author":"Moberg D. J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"bibr45-0146167211410439","first-page":"219","volume-title":"Sex differences and similarities in communication","author":"Mulac A.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr46-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hcr\/27.1.121"},{"key":"bibr47-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.49.4.1098"},{"key":"bibr48-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X00019004001"},{"key":"bibr49-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01995.x"},{"key":"bibr50-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.an.09.100180.002515"},{"key":"bibr51-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022986429748"},{"key":"bibr52-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014920630202800203"},{"key":"bibr53-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00224545.1993.9713916"},{"key":"bibr54-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0022-4537.00239"},{"key":"bibr55-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.60.3.362"},{"key":"bibr56-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0076637"},{"key":"bibr57-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.85.3.440"},{"key":"bibr58-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.1997.15.2.91"},{"key":"bibr59-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.00182"},{"key":"bibr60-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jesp.1998.1373"},{"key":"bibr61-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60229-4"},{"key":"bibr62-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.52.6.613"},{"key":"bibr63-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.69.5.797"},{"key":"bibr64-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.45.1.5"},{"key":"bibr65-0146167211410439","first-page":"183","volume-title":"Gender and communication at work","author":"Still L. V.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr66-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.77.6.1213"},{"key":"bibr67-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jesp.1997.1332"},{"key":"bibr68-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.89.1.22"},{"key":"bibr69-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.78.1.5"},{"key":"bibr70-0146167211410439","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeung N. C. J., von Hippel C. (2008). Stereotype threat increases the likelihood that female drivers in a simulator run over jaywalkers. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 40, 667-674.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2007.09.003"}],"container-title":["Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0146167211410439","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0146167211410439","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0146167211410439","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T15:52:24Z","timestamp":1777650744000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0146167211410439"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,6]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0146167211410439"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167211410439","relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-1672","1552-7433"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-1672","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-7433","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,6]]}}}