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Three experiments using differential bitter and control stimuli showed that hostile affect and behavior is increased by bitter taste experiences. Specifically, participants who consumed a bitter (vs. control) drink showed an increase in self-reported current hostility (Experiment 1), in hypothetical aggressive affect and hypothetical aggressive behavior (Experiment 2) and in actual hostile behavior assessed using a well-established method for non-physical laboratory aggression (Experiment 3). Furthermore, the effect occurred not only when participants were previously provoked (Experiments 2 and 3) but also when no provocation preceded (Experiment 1 and 3). Importantly, stimulus aversiveness and intensity did not influence the effects observed, ruling them out as explanations. Alternative interpretative frameworks and limitations are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167214552792","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,2]],"date-time":"2014-10-02T02:28:16Z","timestamp":1412216896000},"page":"1589-1597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Bitter Taste Causes Hostility"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Christina","family":"Sagioglou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Greitemeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0146167214552792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2007.07.001"},{"key":"bibr2-0146167214552792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231"},{"key":"bibr3-0146167214552792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167295215002"},{"key":"bibr4-0146167214552792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X10000853"},{"key":"bibr5-0146167214552792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0030077"},{"key":"bibr6-0146167214552792","unstructured":"Bitterness. 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