{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T18:47:03Z","timestamp":1787942823642,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]],"date-time":"2021-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637539200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2019-108478GB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-108478GB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PSI2016-80470-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSI2016-80470-P"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pers Soc Psychol Bull"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We examined the role that witnesses play in triggering humiliation. We hypothesized that witnesses trigger humiliation because they intensify the two core appraisals underlying humiliation: unfairness and internalization of a devaluation of the self. However, we further propose that witnesses are not a defining characteristic of humiliating situations. Results of a preliminary study using an event-recall method confirmed that witnesses were as characteristic of humiliating episodes as of those that elicited shame or anger. In Experiments 1 and 2, we manipulated the presence (vs. absence) of witnesses when a professor devalued participants and the hostile tone of this devaluation. As hypothesized, in both experiments, witnesses indirectly increased humiliation via the appraisal of unfairness. Results of Experiment 2 revealed that the presence of witnesses also interacted with hostility, enhancing humiliation. As expected, this moderating effect occurred via the other key appraisal of humiliation (i.e., internalization).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/01461672211053078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]],"date-time":"2021-11-22T04:14:32Z","timestamp":1637554472000},"page":"32-47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Role of Witnesses in Humiliation: Why Does the Presence of an Audience Facilitate Humiliation Among Victims of Devaluation?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6136-1614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saulo","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional de Educaci\u00f3n a Distancia, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamar","family":"Saguy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Gaviria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional de Educaci\u00f3n a Distancia, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0187-6819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rut","family":"Agudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional de Educaci\u00f3n a Distancia, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eran","family":"Halperin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-01461672211053078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.117.3.497"},{"key":"bibr2-01461672211053078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01973531003738379"},{"key":"bibr3-01461672211053078","first-page":"310","volume-title":"The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research","author":"Elison J.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr4-01461672211053078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2016.1249462"},{"key":"bibr5-01461672211053078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149"},{"key":"bibr6-01461672211053078","first-page":"330","volume-title":"The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research","author":"Ferguson T. 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