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The maintenance of these beliefs is biased: people are\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">vicariously<\/jats:italic>\n                    optimistic when updating beliefs about the future of others they care about. This vicarious optimism influences prosocial behavior and might be shaped by the culture people live in. We investigated this question by measuring learning from good and bad news for oneself, friends, and strangers in a pre-registered study of Chinese and American participants (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 963). American participants showed a stronger bias for better-than-expected \u201cgood news\u201d over worse-than-expected \u201cbad news\u201d when learning about themselves (optimism bias) and others (vicarious optimism) compared to Chinese participants. Chinese participants showed vicarious optimism only when learning about a friend, while American participants showed the most vicarious optimism when learning about an identifiable stranger. Our results provide evidence that culture might shape social behavior by biasing learning about the future of others.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/01461672251319566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T03:01:06Z","timestamp":1742353266000},"page":"1627-1642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cultural Differences in Vicarious Optimism"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0867-6630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Kappes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"City, University of London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3373-330X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyuan","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Normal University, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Molly J.","family":"Crockett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yina","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Normal University, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022103260381"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.04.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behrens T. 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