{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T00:34:01Z","timestamp":1793838841642,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]],"date-time":"2025-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742601600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pers Soc Psychol Bull"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In everyday life, our perceptions of others\u2019 traits are influenced by a combination of their actions and our relationship with them. We enrolled 142 participants in a virtual escape room to examine (a) whether an unfamiliar task changed perceptions of friends\u2019 traits, (b) which types of prior relationships influenced trait perceptions, and (c) the relative importance of perceptions of actions in assessing traits. Higher pregame similarity ratings led to increases in perceptions of competence, while higher pregame liking ratings led to increases in perceptions of sociability. In addition, objective performance mattered for competence ratings, whereas subjective perceptions of performance mattered for sociability ratings. Our findings demonstrate the importance of real-world relationships not only for how we change our beliefs about others\u2019 traits but also for perceptions of the very actions we use as evidence for those beliefs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/01461672251320476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]],"date-time":"2025-03-22T07:04:42Z","timestamp":1742627082000},"page":"1715-1732","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["What Are My Friends Really Like? How We Change Our Perceptions of Familiar Others\u2019 Traits and Actions"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4763-3281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin M.","family":"Silver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University in the City of New York, New York City, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2884-9973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wangjing","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University in the City of New York, New York City, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niall","family":"Bolger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University in the City of New York, New York City, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4317-0889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lila","family":"Davachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University in the City of New York, New York City, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8532-2129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin N.","family":"Ochsner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University in the City of New York, New York City, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abele A. E. Ellemers N. Fiske S. T. Koch A. Yzerbyt V. (2021). Navigating the social world: Toward an integrated framework for evaluating self individuals and groups. Psychological Review 128(2) 290\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/rev0000262","DOI":"10.1037\/rev0000262"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abele A. E. Wojciszke B. (2014). Communal and agentic content in social cognition. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 50 195\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-800284-1.00004-7","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800284-1.00004-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akkerman S. Van den Bossche P. Admiraal W. Gijselaers W. Segers M. Simons R.-J. Kirschner P. (2007). Reconsidering group cognition: From conceptual confusion to a boundary area between cognitive and socio-cultural perspectives? Educational Research Review 2(1) 39\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.edurev.2007.02.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2007.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alicke M. D. Sedikides C. (2009). Self-enhancement and self-protection: What they are and what they do. European Review of Social Psychology 20(1) 1\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10463280802613866","DOI":"10.1080\/10463280802613866"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves H. Koch A. Unkelbach C. (2016). My friends are all alike: The relation between liking and perceived similarity in person perception. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 62 103\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jesp.2015.10.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2015.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ames D. R. (2004). Strategies for social inference: A similarity contingency model of projection and stereotyping in attribute prevalence estimates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 87(5) 573\u2013585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.87.5.573","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.87.5.573"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson C. Brion S. Moore D. A. Kennedy J. A. (2012). A status-enhancement account of overconfidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 103(4) 718\u2013735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0029395","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029395"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Back M. D. Kenny D. A. (2010). The social relations model: How to understand dyadic processes. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 4(10) 855\u2013870. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2010.00303.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2010.00303.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Handbook of self-enhancement and self-protection","author":"Beer J.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Beer J., Hughes B. (2010). Self-enhancement: A social neuroscience perspective. In Alicke M. D., Sedikides C. (Eds.), Handbook of self-enhancement and self-protection (pp. 49\u201365). Guilford Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berscheid E. Snyder M. Omoto A. M. (1989). The Relationship Closeness Inventory: Assessing the closeness of interpersonal relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57(5) 792\u2013807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.57.5.792","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.57.5.792"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biesanz J. C. West S. G. Millevoi A. (2007). What do you learn about someone over time? The relationship between length of acquaintance and consensus and self-other agreement in judgments of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 92(1) 119\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.92.1.119","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.92.1.119"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brambilla M. Carraro L. Castelli L. Sacchi S. (2019). Changing impressions: Moral character dominates impression updating. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 82 64\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jesp.2019.01.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2019.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brambilla M. Leach C. W. (2014). On the importance of being moral: The distinctive role of morality in social judgment. Social Cognition 32(4) 397\u2013408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/soco.2014.32.4.397","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.2014.32.4.397"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brambilla M. Rusconi P. Sacchi S. Cherubini P. (2011). Looking for honesty: The primary role of morality (vs. sociability and competence) in information gathering. European Journal of Social Psychology 41(2) 135\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejsp.744","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.744"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brambilla M. Sacchi S. Rusconi P. Goodwin G. P. (2021). The primacy of morality in impression development: Theory research and future directions. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 64 187\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.aesp.2021.03.001","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aesp.2021.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brannon S. M. Gawronski B. (2017). A second chance for first impressions? Exploring the context-(in)dependent updating of implicit evaluations. Social Psychological and Personality Science 8(3) 275\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1948550616673875","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550616673875"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cannon-Bowers J. A. Bowers C. (2011). Team development and functioning. In Zedeck S. (Ed.) APA handbook of industrial and organizational psychology: Building and developing the organization (Vol. 1 pp. 597-650). American Psychological Association. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/12169-019","DOI":"10.1037\/12169-019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao J. Banaji M. R. (2016). The base rate principle and the fairness principle in social judgment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113(27) 7475\u20137480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1524268113","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1524268113"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castelli L. Carraro L. Ghitti C. Pastore M. (2009). The effects of perceived competence and sociability on electoral outcomes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 45(5) 1152\u20131155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jesp.2009.06.018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2009.06.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","unstructured":"Champely S. (2020). _pwr: Basic functions for power analysis_. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=pwr"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cone J. Ferguson M. J. (2015). He did what? The role of diagnosticity in revising implicit evaluations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 108(1) 37\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pspa0000014","DOI":"10.1037\/pspa0000014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denny B. T. Inhoff M. C. Zerubavel N. Davachi L. Ochsner K. N. (2015). Getting over it: Long-lasting effects of emotion regulation on amygdala response. Psychological Science 26(9) 1377\u20131388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797615578863","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615578863"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dor\u00e9 B. P. Morris R. R. Burr D. A. Picard R. W. Ochsner K. N. (2017). Helping others regulate emotion predicts increased regulation of one\u2019s own emotions and decreased symptoms of depression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 43(5) 729\u2013739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167217695558","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167217695558"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2699.3.4.291"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Driskell T. Blickensderfer E. L. Salas E. (2013). Is three a crowd? Examining rapport in investigative interviews. Group Dynamics: Theory Research and Practice 17(1) 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0029686","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029686"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunham Y. (2018). Mere membership. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 22(9) 780\u2013793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2018.06.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2018.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferguson M. J. Mann T. C. Cone J. Shen X. (2019). When and how implicit first impressions can be updated. Current Directions in Psychological Science 28(4) 331\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0963721419835206","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721419835206"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finkel E. J. Simpson J. A. Eastwick P. W. (2017). The psychology of close relationships: Fourteen core principles. Annual Review of Psychology 68(1) 383\u2013411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-psych-010416-044038","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010416-044038"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiske S. T. (1993). Social cognition and social perception. Annual Review of Psychology 44(1) 155\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.ps.44.020193.001103","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.44.020193.001103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiske S. T. Cuddy A. J. C. Glick P. (2007). Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth and competence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 11(2) 77\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2006.11.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2006.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fitzsimons G. M. Finkel E. J. vanDellen M. R. (2015). Transactive goal dynamics. Psychological Review 122(4) 648\u2013673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0039654","DOI":"10.1037\/a0039654"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forgas J. P. Bower G. H. (1987). Mood effects on person-perception judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53(1) 53\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.53.1.53","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.53.1.53"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gelman A. (2005). Comment: Fuzzy and Bayesian p-values and u-values. Statistical Science 20(4) 380\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1214\/088342305000000368","DOI":"10.1214\/088342305000000368"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geukes K. Nestler S. Hutteman R. K\u00fcfner A. C. P. Back M. D. (2017). Trait personality and state variability: Predicting individual differences in within- and cross-context fluctuations in affect self-evaluations and behavior in everyday life. Journal of Research in Personality 69 124\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jrp.2016.06.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2016.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilbert D. T. Pelham B. W. Krull D. S. (1988). On cognitive busyness: When person perceivers meet persons perceived. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54(5) 733\u2013740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.54.5.733","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.5.733"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzales A. L. Hancock J. T. Pennebaker J. W. (2010). Language style matching as a predictor of social dynamics in small groups. Communication Research 37(1) 3\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0093650209351468","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650209351468"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodwin G. P. Piazza J. Rozin P. (2014). Moral character predominates in person perception and evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 106(1) 148\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0034726","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034726"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gregg A. P. Seibt B. Banaji M. R. (2006). Easier done than undone: Asymmetry in the malleability of implicit preferences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90(1) 1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.90.1.1","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.90.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamaker E. L. Nesselroade J. R. Molenaar P. C. M. (2007). The integrated trait\u2013state model. Journal of Research in Personality 41(2) 295\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jrp.2006.04.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2006.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayes S. C. Sanford B. T. (2014). Cooperation came first: Evolution and human cognition: Cooperation and cognition. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 101(1) 112\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jeab.64","DOI":"10.1002\/jeab.64"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heck P. R. Krueger J. I. (2016). Social perception of self-enhancement bias and error. Social Psychology 47(6) 327\u2013339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1864-9335\/a000287","DOI":"10.1027\/1864-9335\/a000287"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hesse F. Care E. Buder J. Sassenberg K. Griffin P. (2015). A framework for teachable collaborative problem solving skills. In Griffin P. Care E. (Eds.) Assessment and teaching of 21st century skills (pp. 37\u201356). Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-017-9395-7_2","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-9395-7_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hughes B. L. Zaki J. Ambady N. (2017). Motivation alters impression formation and related neural systems. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 12(1) 49\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/scan\/nsw147","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsw147"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Human L. J. Carlson E. N. Geukes K. Nestler S. Back M. D. (2020). Do accurate personality impressions benefit early relationship development? The bidirectional associations between accuracy and liking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 118(1) 199\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pspp0000214","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000214"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Humberg S. Dufner M. Sch\u00f6nbrodt F. D. Geukes K. Hutteman R. Van Zalk M. H. W. Denissen J. J. A. Nestler S. Back M. D. (2018). Enhanced versus simply positive: A new condition-based regression analysis to disentangle effects of self-enhancement from effects of positivity of self-view. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 114(2) 303\u2013322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pspp0000134","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000134"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hung W. (2013). Team-based complex problem solving: A collective cognition perspective. Educational Technology Research and Development 61(3) 365\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11423-013-9296-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-013-9296-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Idson L. C. Mischel W. (2001). The personality of familiar and significant people: The lay perceiver as a social\u2013cognitive theorist. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 80(4) 585\u2013596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.80.4.585","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.80.4.585"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.68.2.228"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kane A. A. Van Swol L. M. (2023). Using linguistic inquiry and word count software to analyze group interaction language data. Group Dynamics: Theory Research and Practice 27(3) 188\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/gdn0000195","DOI":"10.1037\/gdn0000195"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karpinski A. Hilton J. L. (2001). Attitudes and the implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81(5) 774\u2013788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.81.5.774","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.81.5.774"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kenny D. A. (2004). PERSON: A general model of interpersonal perception. Personality and Social Psychology Review 8(3) 265\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327957pspr0803_3","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327957pspr0803_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kenny D. A. Acitelli L. K. (2001). Accuracy and bias in the perception of the partner in a close relationship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 80(3) 439\u2013448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.80.3.439","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.80.3.439"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim M. Park B. Young L. (2020). The psychology of motivated versus rational impression updating. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 24(2) 101\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2019.12.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2019.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klein W. M. Kunda Z. (1992). Motivated person perception: Constructing justifications for desired beliefs. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 28(2) 145\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0022-1031(92)90036-J","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1031(92)90036-J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koriat A. Levy-Sadot R. (2001). The combined contributions of the cue-familiarity and accessibility heuristics to feelings of knowing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition 27(1) 34\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0278-7393.27.1.34","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0278-7393.27.1.34"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6rner R. Altmann T. (2023). Personality is related to satisfaction in friendship dyads but similarity is not: Understanding the links between the big five and friendship satisfaction using actor-partner interdependence models. Journal of Research in Personality 107 Article 104436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jrp.2023.104436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2023.104436"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kross E. Ayduk O. (2011). Making meaning out of negative experiences by self-distancing. Current Directions in Psychological Science 20(3) 187\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0963721411408883","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721411408883"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kruse F. Degner J. (2021). Spontaneous state inferences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 121(4) 774\u2013791. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pspa0000232","DOI":"10.1037\/pspa0000232"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kube T. Rozenkrantz L. (2021). When beliefs face reality: An integrative review of belief updating in mental health and illness. Perspectives on Psychological Science 16(2) 247\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1745691620931496","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691620931496"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurdi B. Charlesworth T. E. S. (2023). A 3D framework of implicit attitude change. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 27(8) 745\u2013758. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2023.05.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2023.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurdi B. Morehouse K. N. Dunham Y. (2023). How do explicit and implicit evaluations shift? A preregistered meta-analysis of the effects of co-occurrence and relational information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 124(6) 1174\u20131202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pspa0000329","DOI":"10.1037\/pspa0000329"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landy J. F. Piazza J. Goodwin G. P. (2016). When it\u2019s bad to be friendly and smart: The desirability of sociability and competence depends on morality. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 42(9) 1272\u20131290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167216655984","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167216655984"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leising D. Ostrovski O. Zimmermann J. (2013). \u201cAre we talking about the same person here?\u201d: Interrater agreement in judgments of personality varies dramatically with how much the perceivers like the targets. Social Psychological and Personality Science 4(4) 468\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1948550612462414","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550612462414"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lemay E. P. Clark M. S. (2015). Motivated cognition in relationships. Current Opinion in Psychology 1 72\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copsyc.2014.11.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2014.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyons M. Aksayli N. D. Brewer G. (2018). Mental distress and language use: Linguistic analysis of discussion forum posts. Computers in Human Behavior 87 207\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2018.05.035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.05.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malle B. F. Knobe J. M. Nelson S. E. (2007). Actor-observer asymmetries in explanations of behavior: New answers to an old question. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 93(4) 491\u2013514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.93.4.491","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.93.4.491"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malle B. F. Pearce G. E. (2001). Attention to behavioral events during interaction: Two actor\u2013observer gaps and three attempts to close them. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81(2) 278\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.81.2.278","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.81.2.278"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathieu J. E. Gallagher P. T. Domingo M. A. Klock E. A. (2019). Embracing complexity: reviewing the past decade of team effectiveness research. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior 6(1) 17\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-012218-015106","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-012218-015106"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maxwell S. E. Cole D. A. (2007). Bias in cross-sectional analyses of longitudinal mediation. Psychological Methods 12(1) 23\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1082-989X.12.1.23","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.12.1.23"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meltzoff A. N. (1988). Infant imitation after a 1-week delay: Long-term memory for novel acts and multiple stimuli. Developmental Psychology 24(4) 470\u2013476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.24.4.470","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.24.4.470"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mende-Siedlecki P. Baron S. G. Todorov A. (2013). Diagnostic value underlies asymmetric updating of impressions in the morality and ability domains. Journal of Neuroscience 33(50) 19406\u201319415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2334-13.2013","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2334-13.2013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montoya R. M. Horton R. S. (2013). A meta-analytic investigation of the processes underlying the similarity-attraction effect. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 30(1) 64\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0265407512452989","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407512452989"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montoya R. M. Horton R. S. Vevea J. L. Citkowicz M. Lauber E. A. (2017). A re-examination of the mere exposure effect: The influence of repeated exposure on recognition familiarity and liking. Psychological Bulletin 143(5) 459\u2013498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/bul0000085","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000085"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreland R. L. Zajonc R. B. (1982). Exposure effects in person perception: Familiarity similarity and attraction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 18(5) 395\u2013415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0022-1031(82)90062-2","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1031(82)90062-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morry M. M. (2007). The attraction-similarity hypothesis among cross-sex friends: Relationship satisfaction perceived similarities and self-serving perceptions. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 24(1) 117\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0265407507072615","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407507072615"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morry M. M. Kito M. Ortiz L. (2011). The attraction\u2013similarity model and dating couples: Projection perceived similarity and psychological benefits. Personal Relationships 18(1) 125\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1475-6811.2010.01293.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6811.2010.01293.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morry M. M. Reich T. Kito M. (2010). How do I see you relative to myself? Relationship quality as a predictor of self- and partner-enhancement within cross-sex friendships dating relationships and marriages. The Journal of Social Psychology 150(4) 369\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00224540903365471","DOI":"10.1080\/00224540903365471"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mussweiler T. (2003). Comparison processes in social judgment: Mechanisms and consequences. Psychological Review 110(3) 472\u2013489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.110.3.472","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.110.3.472"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neubert J. C. Mainert J. Kretzschmar A. Greiff S. (2015). The assessment of 21st century skills in industrial and organizational psychology: Complex and collaborative problem solving. Industrial and Organizational Psychology 8(2) 238\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/iop.2015.14","DOI":"10.1017\/iop.2015.14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otten S. (2016). The Minimal Group Paradigm and its maximal impact in research on social categorization. Current Opinion in Psychology 11 85\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copsyc.2016.06.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2016.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park B. Young L. (2020). An association between biased impression updating and relationship facilitation: A behavioral and fMRI investigation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 87 Article 103916. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jesp.2019.103916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2019.103916"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_1","unstructured":"Pennebaker J. W. Boyd R. L. Jordan K. Blackburn K. (2015). The development and psychometric properties of LIWC2015. https:\/\/repositories.lib.utexas.edu\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/b0d26dcf-2391-4701-88d0-3cf50ebee697\/content"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_1","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Social cognition and communication","author":"Pennebaker J. W.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pennebaker J. W., Chung C. K. (2013). Counting little words in big data: The psychology of individuals, communities, culture, and history. In Forgas J. P., Vincze O., L\u00e1szl\u00f3 J. (Eds.), Social cognition and communication (pp. 25\u201342). Psychology Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poppenk J. K\u00f6hler S. Moscovitch M. (2010). Revisiting the novelty effect: When familiarity not novelty enhances memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition 36(5) 1321\u20131330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0019900","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019900"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reeder G. D. Messick D. M. Van Avermaet E. (1977). Dimensional asymmetry in attributional inference. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 13(1) 46\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0022-1031(77)90012-9","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1031(77)90012-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reis H. T. Maniaci M. R. Caprariello P. A. Eastwick P. W. Finkel E. J. (2011). Familiarity does indeed promote attraction in live interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 101(3) 557\u2013570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0022885","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022885"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roediger H. L. Karpicke J. D. (2006). Test-enhanced learning: Taking memory tests improves long-term retention. Psychological Science 17(3) 249\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosseel Y. (2012). lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software 48(2) 1\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saegert S. Swap W. Zajonc R. B. (1973). Exposure context and interpersonal attraction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 25(2) 234\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0033965","DOI":"10.1037\/h0033965"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sedikides C. Gregg A. P. (2007). Portraits of the self. In Hogg M. Cooper J. (Eds.) The SAGE handbook of social psychology: Concise student edition (pp. 93\u2013122). SAGE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781848608221.n5","DOI":"10.4135\/9781848608221.n5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sedikides C. Gregg A. P. (2008). Self-enhancement: Food for thought. Perspectives on Psychological Science 3(2) 102\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1745-6916.2008.00068.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6916.2008.00068.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sels L. Cabrieto J. Butler E. Reis H. Ceulemans E. Kuppens P. (2020). The occurrence and correlates of emotional interdependence in romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 119(1) 136\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pspi0000212","DOI":"10.1037\/pspi0000212"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silver B. M. Ochsner K. N. (2024). Changes in online moral discourse about public figures during #MeToo. Affective Science 5(4) 346\u2013357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42761-024-00250-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s42761-024-00250-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soral W. Kofta M. (2020). Differential effects of competence and morality on self-esteem at the individual and the collective level. Social Psychology 51(3) 183\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1864-9335\/a000410","DOI":"10.1027\/1864-9335\/a000410"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stepanikova I. (2012). Racial-ethnic biases time pressure and medical decisions. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 53(3) 329\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022146512445807","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146512445807"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stewart A. E. B. Vrzakova H. Sun C. Yonehiro J. Stone C. A. Duran N. D. Shute V. D\u2019Mello S. K. (2019). I say you say we say: Using spoken language to model socio-cognitive processes during computer-supported collaborative problem solving. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3 1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3359296","DOI":"10.1145\/3359296"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strauss J. P. Barrick M. R. Connerley M. L. (2001). An investigation of personality similarity effects (relational and perceived) on peer and supervisor ratings and the role of familiarity and liking. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 74(5) 637\u2013657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/096317901167569","DOI":"10.1348\/096317901167569"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tausczik Y. R. Pennebaker J. W. (2010). The psychological meaning of words: LIWC and computerized text analysis methods. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 29(1) 24\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0261927X09351676","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X09351676"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomasello M. Melis A. P. Tennie C. Wyman E. Herrmann E. (2012). Two key steps in 1the evolution of human cooperation: The interdependence hypothesis. Current Anthropology 53(6) 673\u2013692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/668207","DOI":"10.1086\/668207"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tompary A. Davachi L. (2017). Consolidation promotes the emergence of representational overlap in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex. Neuron 96(1) 228.e\u2013241.e5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.09.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trope Y. (1998). Dispositional bias in person perception: A hypothesis-testing perception. In Darley J. M. Cooper J. (Eds.) Attribution and social interaction: The legacy of Edward E. Jones (pp. 67\u2013126). American Psychological Association. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/10286-002","DOI":"10.1037\/10286-002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.38.5.719"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wessels N. M. Zimmermann J. Biesanz J. C. Leising D. (2020). Differential associations of knowing and liking with accuracy and positivity bias in person perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 118(1) 149\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pspp0000218","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000218"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wojciszke B. (2005). Morality and competence in person- and self-perception. European Review of Social Psychology 16(1) 155\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10463280500229619","DOI":"10.1080\/10463280500229619"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wojciszke B. Brycz H. Borkenau P. (1993). Effects of information content and evaluative extremity on positivity and negativity biases. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64(3) 327\u2013335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.64.3.327","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.64.3.327"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203703663-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zajonc R. B. (1968). Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 9(2 Pt. 2) 1\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0025848","DOI":"10.1037\/h0025848"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.00154"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaki J. (2013). Cue integration: A common framework for social cognition and physical perception. Perspectives on Psychological Science 8(3) 296\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1745691613475454","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691613475454"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaki J. (2014). Empathy: A motivated account. Psychological Bulletin 140(6) 1608\u20131647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0037679","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037679"}],"container-title":["Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/01461672251320476","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/01461672251320476","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/01461672251320476","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T17:48:00Z","timestamp":1780076880000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/01461672251320476"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/01461672251320476"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01461672251320476","relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-1672","1552-7433"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-1672","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-7433","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]]}}}