{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T22:12:47Z","timestamp":1782771167676,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pers Soc Psychol Bull"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    People who perceive they lack power inhibit their needs and goals, sometimes aggress to restore power, and experience poorer well-being. However, people may underestimate how much power they have to meet their needs. Guided by error management principles, we tested whether people systematically underestimate their power in relationships. Across four samples of friendships, same-gender couples, and woman\u2013man couples (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 1,304 dyads), we used Truth and Bias models to assess discrepancies between people\u2019s own perceived power and the power they had as reported by their friends\/partners. We found robust evidence that people underestimated their power. Moreover, higher self-protection motives (e.g., attachment anxiety) and specific power motives (e.g., desire for power) predicted greater underestimation bias whereas higher pro-relationship motives (commitment) predicted lower underestimation bias. These results illustrate that self-protection, pro-relationship, and power motives bias perceptions of power, advancing our understanding of why and how these predictors shape power-related behaviors and relationship outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/01461672251409849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T09:39:02Z","timestamp":1769506742000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bias in Perceptions of Power in Close Relationships: The Role of Self-Protection, Pro-Relationship, and Power Motives"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8793-0830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"K\u00f6rner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bamberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9703-4383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nickola C.","family":"Overall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","unstructured":"Ackerman R. A. Ledermann T. Kenny D. A. (2020). Power analysis for the actor-partner interdependence model [Soft-ware]. https:\/\/robert-ackerman.shinyapps.io\/APIMPowerR"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson C. Ames D. R. Gosling S. D. (2008). Punishing hubris: The perils of overestimating one\u2019s status in a group. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34(1) 90\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167207307489","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167207307489"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson C. John O. P. Keltner D. (2012). The personal sense of power. Journal of Personality 80(2) 313\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2011.00734.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2011.00734.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bosson J. K. Vandello J. A. (2011). Precarious manhood and its links to action and aggression. Current Directions in Psychological Science 20 82\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0963721411402669","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721411402669"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brauer K. Proyer R. T. (2024). Assessing jealousy: Factor analyses measurement invariance nomological validity and longitudinal APIM analyses of the Multidimensional Jealousy Scale. Assessment 32(7) 1067\u20131081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10731911241283927","DOI":"10.1177\/10731911241283927"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","volume-title":"IVS. Interpersonelle Vertrauensskala","author":"Buck E.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Buck E., Bierhoff H. W. (2012). IVS. Interpersonelle Vertrauensskala (Interpersonal Trust Scale). Leibniz-Institut f\u00fcr Psychologie (ZPID), Open Test Archive."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","volume-title":"Gender and power: Society, the person and sexual politics","author":"Connell R.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Connell R. (2013). Gender and power: Society, the person and sexual politics. John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cross E. J. Overall N. C. Low R. S. T. McNulty J. K. (2019). An interdependence account of sexism and power: Men\u2019s hostile sexism biased perceptions of low power and relationship aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 117(2) 338\u2013363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pspi0000167","DOI":"10.1037\/pspi0000167"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diotaiuti P. Valente G. Mancone S. Girelli L. Cavicchiolo E. Chirico A. (2022). Validation study of the Italian brief version of the multidimensional jealousy scale: Psychometric properties measurement invariance across gender and convergent validity. Frontiers in Psychology 13 Article 1013584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1013584","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1013584"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dykas M. J. Cassidy J. (2011). Attachment and the processing of social information across the life span: Theory and evidence. Psychological Bulletin 137(1) 19\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0021367","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021367"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farrell A. K. Simpson J. A. Rothman A. J. (2015). The relationship power inventory: Development and validation. Personal Relationships 22(3) 387\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pere.12072","DOI":"10.1111\/pere.12072"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fast N. J. Overbeck J. R. (2022). The social alignment theory of power: Predicting associative and dissociative behavior in hierarchies. Research in Organizational Behavior 42 Article 100178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.riob.2022.100178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riob.2022.100178"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fletcher G. J. Kerr P. S. (2010). Through the eyes of love: Reality and illusion in intimate relationships. Psychological Bulletin 136(4) 627\u2013658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0019792","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019792"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haselton M. G. Buss D. M. (2000). Error management theory: A new perspective on biases in cross-sex mind reading. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78(1) 81\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.78.1.81","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.78.1.81"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780195398694.013.0011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hyatt C. S. Zeichner A. Miller J. D. (2019). Laboratory aggression and personality traits: A meta-analytic review. Psychology of Violence 9(6) 675\u2013689. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/vio0000236","DOI":"10.1037\/vio0000236"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jenks A. Adams G. Young B. Seedall R. (2024). Addressing power in couples therapy: Integrating socio-emotional relationship therapy and emotionally focused therapy. Family Process 63 48\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/famp.12961","DOI":"10.1111\/famp.12961"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jonason P. K. Webster G. D. (2010). The dirty dozen: A concise measure of the dark triad. Psychological Assessment 22(2) 420\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0019265","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019265"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keltner D. Gruenfeld D. H. Anderson C. (2003). Power approach and inhibition. Psychological Review 110(2) 265\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.110.2.265","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.110.2.265"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kenny D. A. Ledermann T. (2010). Detecting measuring and testing dyadic patterns in the actor\u2013partner interdependence model. Journal of Family Psychology 24(3) 359\u2013366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0019651","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019651"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kifer Y. Heller D. Perunovic W. Q. E. Galinsky A. D. (2013). The good life of the powerful: The experience of power and authenticity enhances subjective well-being. Psychological Science 24(3) 280\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797612450891","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612450891"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim J. J. Visserman M. L. Impett E. A. (2019). Power in close intimate relationships. In Agnew C. R. Harman J. J. (Eds.) Power in close relationships (pp. 192\u2013224). Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781108131490.010","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108131490.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6rner R. Altmann T. (2025). Power in friendships: How experienced and desired power are associated with relationship functioning. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 42(9) 2335\u20132362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02654075251342704","DOI":"10.1177\/02654075251342704"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6rner R. Murphy B. Zverling E. Sha\u2019ked A. Sch\u00fctz A. (2024). Dominance and prestige in romantic relationships: Actor and partner links to relationship quality. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 41(1) 302\u2013332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02654075231212940","DOI":"10.1177\/02654075231212940"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6rner R. Overall N. C. Chang V. T. Hammond M. D. Sasaki E. Sch\u00fctz A. Zverling E. (2025). The relational nature of attachment and power: Attachment avoidance and withdrawal limit partners\u2019 power. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167225133316","DOI":"10.1177\/01461672251333165"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6rner R. Overbeck J. R. K\u00f6rner E. Sch\u00fctz A. (2024). The language of power: Interpersonal perceptions of sense of power dominance and prestige based on word usage. European Journal of Personality 38(5) 812\u2013838. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0890207023122134","DOI":"10.1177\/08902070231221346"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000470"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6rner R. Sch\u00fctz A. (2021). Power in romantic relationships: How positional and experienced power are associated with relationship quality. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 38(9) 2653\u20132677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02654075211017670","DOI":"10.1177\/02654075211017670"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6rner R. Sch\u00fctz A. (2025). Power balance and relationship quality: An overstated link. Social Psychological and Personality Science 16(5) 471\u2013482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/19485506241234391","DOI":"10.1177\/19485506241234391"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000470"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2025.2599941"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.70045"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LaBuda J. E. Gere J. (2023). A meta-analytic review of accuracy and bias in romantic partner perceptions. Psychological Bulletin 149(9\u201310) 580\u2013610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/bul0000405","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000405"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikulincer M. Shaver P. R. (2003). The attachment behavioral system in adulthood: Activation psychodynamics and interpersonal processes. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 35 53\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0065-2601(03)01002-5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(03)01002-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy B. A. Casto K. V. Watts A. L. Costello T. H. Jolink T. A. Verona E. Algoe S. B. (2022). \u201cFeeling Powerful\u201d versus \u201cDesiring Power\u201d: A pervasive and problematic conflation in personality assessment? Journal of Research in Personality 101 Article 104305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jrp.2022.104305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2022.104305"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray S. L. Holmes J. G. Collins N. L. (2006). Optimizing assurance: The risk regulation system in relationships. Psychological Bulletin 132(5) 641\u2013666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.132.5.641","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.132.5.641"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olsen J. A. Kenny D. A. (2006). Structural equation modeling with interchangeable dyads. Psychological Methods 11(2) 127\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1082-989X.11.2.127","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.11.2.127"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Overall N. C. (2019). Attachment insecurity and power regulation in intimate relationships. Current Opinion in Psychology 25 53\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copsyc.2018.03.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2018.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Overall N. C. Fletcher G. J. Kenny D. A. (2012). When bias and insecurity promote accuracy: Mean-level bias and tracking accuracy in couples\u2019 conflict discussions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 38(5) 642\u2013655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167211432764","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167211432764"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Overall N. C. Fletcher G. J. O. Simpson J. A. Fillo J. (2015). Attachment insecurity biased perceptions of romantic partners\u2019 negative emotions and hostile relationship behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 108(5) 730\u2013749. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0038987","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038987"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Overall N. C. Girme Y. U. Lemay E. P.Jr. Hammond M. D. (2014). Attachment anxiety and reactions to relationship threat: The benefits and costs of inducing guilt in romantic partners. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 106(2) 235\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0034371","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034371"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Overall N. C. Hammond M. D. (2025). Power and ideology in close relationships. Annual Review of Psychology. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-psych-012325-032022","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-012325-032022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Overall N. C. Hammond M. D. McNulty J. K. Finkel E. J. (2016). When power shapes interpersonal behavior: Low relationship power predicts men\u2019s aggressive responses to low situational power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 111(2) 195\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pspi0000059","DOI":"10.1037\/pspi0000059"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Overall N. C. Maner J. K. Hammond M. D. Cross E. J. Chang V. T. Low R. S. T. Girme Y. U. Jayamaha S. D. Reid C. J. Sasaki E. (2023). Actor and partner power are distinct and have differential effects on social behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 124(2) 311\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pspi0000398","DOI":"10.1037\/pspi0000398"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","volume-title":"Handbook of psychopathy","author":"Patrick C. J.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Patrick C. J. (Ed.). (2018). Handbook of psychopathy. Guilford Publications."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pfeiffer S. M. Wong P. T. (1989). Multidimensional jealousy. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 6(2) 181\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/026540758900600203","DOI":"10.1177\/026540758900600203"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Righetti F. Balliet D. Visserman M. Hofmann W. (2015). Trust and the suppression of emotions during sacrifice in close relationships. Social Cognition 33(5) 505\u2013519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/soco.2015.33.5.505","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.2015.33.5.505"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robins R. W. Hendin H. M. Trzesniewski K. H. (2001). Measuring global self-esteem: Construct validation of a single-item measure and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 27(2) 151\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/014616720127200","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167201272002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez L. M. Fillo J. Hadden B. W. \u00d8verup C. S. Baker Z. G. DiBello A. M. (2019). Do you see what I see? Actor and partner attachment shape biased perceptions of partners. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 45(4) 587\u2013602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167218791782","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167218791782"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rusbult C. E. Martz J. Agnew C. R. (1998). The investment model scale: Measuring commitment level satisfaction level quality of alternatives and investment size. Personal Relationships 5(4) 357\u2013387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1475-6811.1998.tb00177.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6811.1998.tb00177.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaver P. R. Schachner D. A. Mikulincer M. (2005). Attachment style excessive reassurance seeking relationship processes and depression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 31(3) 343\u2013359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167204271709","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167204271709"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/14344-015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simpson J. A. Rholes W. S. Ori\u00f1a M. M. Grich J. (2002). Working models of attachment support giving and support seeking in a stressful situation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28(5) 598\u2013608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167202288004","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167202288004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simpson J. A. Rholes W. S. Phillips D. (1996). Conflict in close relationships: An attachment perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71(5) 899\u2013914. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.71.5.899","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.71.5.899"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sprecher S. Hendrick S. S. (2004). Self-disclosure in intimate relationships: Associations with individual and relationship characteristics over time. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 23(6) 857\u2013877. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/jscp.23.6.857.54803","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.23.6.857.54803"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanley S. M. Rhoades G. K. Whitton S. W. (2010). Commitment: Functions formation and the securing of romantic attachment. Journal of Family Theory & Review 2(4) 243\u2013257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1756-2589.2010.00060.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-2589.2010.00060.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomson R. A. Overall N. C. Cameron L. D. Low R. S. T. (2018). Perceived regard expressive suppression during conflict and conflict resolution. Journal of Family Psychology 32(6) 722\u2013732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/fam0000429","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0000429"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torelli C. Leslie L. To C. Kim S. (2020). Power and status across cultures. Current Opinion in Psychology 33 12\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copsyc.2019.05.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2019.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verona E. McKinley S. J. Hoffmann A. Murphy B. A. Watts A. L. (2023). Psychopathy facets perceived power and forms of aggression. Personality Disorders: Theory Research and Treatment 14(3) 259\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/per0000562","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000562"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei M. Russell D. Mallinckrodt B. Vogel D. (2007). The Experiences in Close Relationship Scale (ECR)-short form: Reliability validity and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment 88(2) 187\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00223890701268041","DOI":"10.1080\/00223890701268041"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"West T. V. Kenny D. A. (2011). The truth and bias model of judgment. Psychological Review 118(2) 357\u2013378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0022936","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022936"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_1","volume-title":"Jealousy: Theory, research, and clinical strategies","author":"White G. L.","year":"1989","unstructured":"White G. L., Mullen P. E. (1989). Jealousy: Theory, research, and clinical strategies. Guilford Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wieselquist J. Rusbult C. E. Foster C. A. Agnew C. R. (1999). Commitment pro-relationship behavior and trust in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77(5) 942\u2013966. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.77.5.942","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.77.5.942"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willardt R. Schmid P. C. (2024). The threat of powerlessness: Consequences for affect and (social) cognition. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 111 Article 104576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jesp.2023.104576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2023.104576"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeigler-Hill V. Hicks P. Brosch N. (2024). Narcissism and romantic relationship functioning: The mediating role of the desire for power. Personal Relationships 31(3) 734-757. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pere.12551","DOI":"10.1111\/pere.12551"}],"container-title":["Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/01461672251409849","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/01461672251409849","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/01461672251409849","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T15:19:12Z","timestamp":1777648752000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/01461672251409849"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"references-count":65,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/01461672251409849"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01461672251409849","relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-1672","1552-7433"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-1672","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-7433","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"article-number":"01461672251409849"}}