{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T14:06:26Z","timestamp":1780063586074,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["430-2022-00746"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["430-2022-00746"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["611-2024-0104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["611-2024-0104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pers Soc Psychol Bull"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Although sexism is pervasive, the dynamics of disclosing such experiences within romantic relationships remain under-examined. Across two studies (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 1076) involving individuals in woman\u2013man relationships, we found that approximately 75% of women have disclosed an experience of sexism to their men partners. Notably, a general tendency toward disclosure\u2014rather than relationship satisfaction, perceived partner responsiveness, or sexist attitudes\u2014predicted disclosure. Women who recalled their partner as more responsive and autonomy-supportive when they shared an experience of sexism reported greater closeness, satisfaction with partner\u2019s response, and a greater likelihood of future disclosure and confrontation of sexism (Study 1). For men, greater self-reported responsiveness and autonomy support was associated with greater felt closeness, perceived partner satisfaction, and allyship behavior; but was not linked to a greater awareness of gender discrimination (Study 2). Findings highlight romantic relationships as a key, underexamined context in which experiences of sexism are discussed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/01461672261442993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T11:20:16Z","timestamp":1779794416000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Women Disclosing Experiences of Sexism to Men Partners: Prevalence, Predictors, and Responses"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5840-7805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily. J.","family":"Cross","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"York University, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyssa","family":"DeBlaere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"York University, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarnpreet","family":"Virk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"York University, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anya","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"York University, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"University of Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9000-4106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy","family":"Muise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"York University, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Addis M. E. Mahalik J. R. (2003). Men masculinity and the contexts of help seeking. American Psychologist 58(1) 5\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066x.58.1.5","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.58.1.5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Archer A. M. N. Kam C. D. (2020). Modern sexism in modern times: Public opinion in the #Metoo era. Public Opinion Quarterly 84(4) 813\u2013837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/poq\/nfaa058","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfaa058"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banaji M. R. Hardin C. D. (1996). Automatic stereotyping. Psychological Science 7(3) 136\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00346.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00346.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bareket O. Fiske S. T. (2025). Lost opportunities: how gendered arrangements harm men. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 122 e2320788122 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2320788122","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2320788122"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bareket O. Fiske S. T. (2023). A systematic review of the ambivalent sexism literature: Hostile sexism protects men\u2019s power; benevolent sexism guards traditional gender roles. Psychological Bulletin 149(11\u201312) 637\u2013698. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/bul0000400","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000400"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barreto M. Ellemers N. (2005). The burden of benevolent sexism: How it contributes to the maintenance of gender inequalities. European Journal of Social Psychology 35(5) 633\u2013642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejsp.270","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.270"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barreto M. Ellemers N. Piebinga L. Moya M. (2010). How nice of us and how dumb of me: The effect of exposure to benevolent sexism on women\u2019s task and relational self-descriptions. Sex Roles 62 532\u2013544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11199-009-9699-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-009-9699-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becker J. C. Swim J. K. (2011). Seeing the unseen: Attention to daily encounters with sexism as way to reduce sexist beliefs. Psychology of Women Quarterly 35(2) 227\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0361684310397509","DOI":"10.1177\/0361684310397509"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becker J. C. Swim J. K. (2012). Reducing endorsement of benevolent and modern sexist beliefs: Differential effects of addressing harm versus pervasiveness of benevolent sexism. Social Psychology 43(3) 127\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1864-9335\/a000091","DOI":"10.1027\/1864-9335\/a000091"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brand\u00e3o T. (2024). Perceived emotional invalidation psychological distress and relationship satisfaction in couples: An actor\u2013partner interdependence mediation analysis. Psychological Reports. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00332941241279372","DOI":"10.1177\/00332941241279372"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caceros E. S. Campos-Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez P. Ayekun A. Edalatkhah M. Bergsieker H. B. (2025). Responsive social support to disclosures of racial discrimination: Expectations and implications for well-being. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/cdp0000762","DOI":"10.1037\/cdp0000762"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Candel O. S. Turliuc M. N. (2021). The role of relational entitlement self-disclosure and perceived partner responsiveness in predicting couple satisfaction: A daily-diary study. Frontiers in Psychology 12 609232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.609232","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.609232"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carter E. R. Murphy M. C. (2017). Consensus and consistency: Exposure to multiple discrimination claims shapes Whites\u2019 intergroup attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 73 24\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jesp.2017.06.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2017.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaudoir S. R. Fisher J. D. (2010). The disclosure processes model: Understanding disclosure decision-making and post-disclosure outcomes among people living with a concealable stigmatized identity. Psychological Bulletin 136(2) 236\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0018193","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018193"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Connor A. L. Fiske S. T. (2019). Not minding the gap: How hostile sexism encourages choice explanations for the gender income gap. Psychology of Women Quarterly 43(2) 234\u2013247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0361684318815468","DOI":"10.1177\/0361684318815468"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crasta D. Rogge R. D. Maniaci M. R. Reis H. T. (2021). Toward an optimized measure of perceived partner responsiveness: Development and validation of the perceived responsiveness and insensitivity scale. Psychological Assessment 33(4) 338\u2013355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0000986","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000986"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cross E. J. DeBlaere A. Muise A. (2025). Leveraging man-woman romantic relationships to promote men\u2019s awareness of sexism and gender discrimination. Social Psychological and Personality Science. 17 326\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/19485506251345111","DOI":"10.1177\/19485506251345111"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cross E. J. Overall N. C. Hammond M. D. (2016). Perceiving partners to endorse benevolent sexism attenuates highly anxious women\u2019s negative reactions to conflict. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 42(7) 923\u2013940. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167216647933","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167216647933"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cross E. J. Overall N. C. (2019). Women experience more serious relationship problems when male partners endorse hostile sexism. European Journal of Social Psychology 49(5) 1022\u20131041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejsp.2560","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2560"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cundiff J. L. Zawadzki M. J. Danube C. L. Shields S. A. (2014). Using experiential learning to increase the recognition of everyday sexism as harmful: The WAGES intervention. Journal of Social Issues 70(4) 703\u2013721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/josi.12087","DOI":"10.1111\/josi.12087"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DiMauro J. Renshaw K. D. (2021). Trauma-related disclosure in sexual assault survivors\u2019 intimate relationships: Associations with PTSD shame and partners\u2019 responses. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 36(3\u20134) NP1986\u20132004NP. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260518756117","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260518756117"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donnelly R. Robinson B. A. Umberson D. (2019). Can spouses buffer the impact of discrimination on depressive symptoms? An examination of same-sex and different-sex marriages. Society and Mental Health 9(2) 192\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2156869318800157","DOI":"10.1177\/2156869318800157"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drury B. J. Kaiser C. R. (2014). Allies against sexism: The role of men in confronting sexism. Journal of Social Issues 70(4) 637\u2013652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/josi.12083","DOI":"10.1111\/josi.12083"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eagly A. H. Karau S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review 109(3) 573\u2013598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.109.3.573","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.109.3.573"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fischer A. R. (2006). Women\u2019s benevolent sexism as reaction to hostility. Psychology of Women Quarterly 30(4) 410\u2013416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-6402.2006.00316.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.2006.00316.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flood M. Pease B. (2009). Factors influencing attitudes to violence against women. Trauma Violence & Abuse 10(2) 125\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838009334131","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838009334131"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glick P. Fiske S. T. (1996). The ambivalent sexism inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70(3) 491\u2013512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.70.3.491","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.70.3.491"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammond M. D. Overall N. C. (2017). Dynamics within intimate relationships and the causes consequences and functions of sexist attitudes. Current Directions in Psychological Science 26(2) 120\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0963721416686213","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721416686213"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hinnenkamp L. Owens G. P. (2024). Disclosure of sexual trauma to romantic partners: Examining PTSD clusters partner reactions perceived partner responsiveness and relationship satisfaction. Violence Against Women 31: 3289\u20133310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10778012241289420","DOI":"10.1177\/10778012241289420"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsieh H. F. Shannon S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research 15(9) 1277\u20131288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049732305276687","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305276687"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Itzchakov G. Weinstein N. (2021). High-quality listening supports speakers\u2019 autonomy and self-esteem when discussing prejudice. Human Communication Research 47(3) 248\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hcr\/hqab003","DOI":"10.1093\/hcr\/hqab003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Itzchakov G. Kluger A. N. Castro D. R. (2017). I am aware of my inconsistencies but can tolerate them: The effect of high- quality listening on speakers\u2019 attitude ambivalence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 43(1) 105\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167216675339","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167216675339"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Itzchakov G. Reis H. T. Weinstein N. (2022). How to foster perceived partner responsiveness: High-quality listening is key. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 16(1) e12648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/spc3.12648","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12648"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Itzchakov G. Weinstein N. Legate N. Amar M. (2020). Can high quality listening predict lower speakers\u2019 prejudiced attitudes? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 91 104022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jesp.2020.104022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2020.104022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Itzchakov G. Weinstein N. Saluk D. Amar M. (2023). Connection heals wounds: Feeling listened to reduces speakers\u2019 loneliness following a social rejection disclosure. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 49(8) 1273\u20131294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01461672221100369","DOI":"10.1177\/01461672221100369"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones K. N. Brewster M. E. Jones J. A. (2014). The creation and validation of the LGBT Ally Identity Measure. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity 1(2) 181\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/sgd0000033","DOI":"10.1037\/sgd0000033"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jost J. T. Kay A. C. (2005). Exposure to benevolent sexism and complementary gender stereotypes: consequences for specific and diffuse forms of system justification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88(3) 498\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.88.3.498","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.88.3.498"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klonoff E. A. Landrine H. (1995). The schedule of sexist events: A measure of lifetime and recent sexist discrimination in women\u2019s lives. Psychology of Women Quarterly 19(4) 439\u2013470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1995.tb00086.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1995.tb00086.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laurenceau J. P. Barrett L. F. Pietromonaco P. R. (1998). Intimacy as an interpersonal process: the importance of self-disclosure partner disclosure and perceived partner responsiveness in interpersonal exchanges. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74(5) 1238\u20131251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/\/0022-3514.74.5.1238","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.5.1238"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laurenceau J. P. Barrett L. F. Rovine M. J. (2005). The interpersonal process model of intimacy in marriage: a daily-diary and multilevel modeling approach. Journal of Family Psychology 19(2) 314\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0893-3200.19.2.314","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.19.2.314"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorenz K. Ullman S. E. Kirkner A. Mandala R. Vasquez A. L. Sigurvinsdottir R. (2018). Social reactions to sexual assault disclosure: A qualitative study of informal support dyads. Violence Against Women 24(12) 1497\u20131520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077801217732428","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801217732428"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lukacena K. M. Mark K. P. (2022). Communicating a history of sexual trauma: Partner responses to women's disclosure. Violence Against Women 28(10) 2521\u20132539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10778012211034217","DOI":"10.1177\/10778012211034217"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maimon M. R. Sanchez D. T. (2022). Women\u2019s sexism-related coping support from male romantic partners. Gender Issues 39(4) 478\u2013506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12147-022-09301-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12147-022-09301-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manne S. Ostroff J. Rini C. Fox K. Goldstein L. Grana G. (2004). The interpersonal process model of intimacy: The role of self-disclosure partner disclosure and partner responsiveness in interactions between breast cancer patients and their partners. Journal of Family Psychology 18(4) 589\u2013599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0893-3200.18.4.589","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.18.4.589"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manzi F. (2019). Are the processes underlying discrimination the same for women and men? A critical review of congruity models of gender discrimination. Frontiers in Psychology 10 Article 469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00469","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00469"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Bacaicoa J. Real-Brioso N. Mateos-P\u00e9rez E. G\u00e1mez-Guadix M. (2024). The role of gender and sexism in the moral disengagement mechanisms of technology-facilitated sexual violence. Computers in Human Behavior 152 108060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2023.108060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2023.108060"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miko\u0142ajczak G. Fisher A. N. Ryan M. K. (2025). Intergroup contact in the context of gender. A critical review of the literature and opportunities for future research. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 28(4) 723\u2013751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13684302241311544","DOI":"10.1177\/13684302241311544"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","volume-title":"Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change","author":"Mikulincer M.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mikulincer M., Shaver P. R. (2010). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. Guilford Publications."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikulincer M. Florian V. Cowan P. A. Cowan C. P. (2002). Attachment security in couple relationships: A systemic model and its implications for family dynamics. Family Process 41(3) 405\u2013434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1545-5300.2002.41309.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1545-5300.2002.41309.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller L. C. Berg J. H. Archer R. L. (1983). Openers: Individuals who elicit intimate self-disclosure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44(6) 1234\u20131244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.44.6.1234","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.44.6.1234"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchell A. E. Castellani A. M. Herrington R. L. Joseph J. I. Doss B. D. Snyder D. K. (2008). Predictors of intimacy in couples\u2019 discussions of relationship injuries: An observational study. Journal of Family Psychology 22(1) 21\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0893-3200.22.1.21","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.22.1.21"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moya M. Glick P. Exp\u00f3sito F. De Lemus S. Hart J. (2007). It\u2019s for your own good: Benevolent sexism and women\u2019s reactions to protectively justified restrictions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 33(10) 1421\u20131434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167207304790","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167207304790"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","unstructured":"Parker K. Funk C. (2017 December 14). Gender Discrimination in the Workplace: Experiences of Working Women in the US. Pew Research Center. https:\/\/policycommons.net\/artifacts\/617535\/gender-discrimination-comes-in-many-forms-for-todays-working-women\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Person A. I. Frazier P. A. Simpson J. A. (2025). Disclosing past adult sexual assault to romantic partners: A mixed-methods analysis. Psychology of Women Quarterly 49(1) 122\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03616843241297310","DOI":"10.1177\/03616843241297310"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prentice D. A. Carranza E. (2002). What women and men should be shouldn\u2019t be are allowed to be and don\u2019t have to be: The contents of prescriptive gender stereotypes. Psychology of Women Quarterly 26(4) 269\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1471-6402.t01-1-00066","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-6402.t01-1-00066"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reis H. T. (2017). The interpersonal process model of intimacy: Maintaining intimacy through self-disclosure and responsiveness. In Fitzgerald J. (Ed.) Foundations for couples\u2019 therapy: Research for the real world (pp. 216\u2013225). Routledge\/Taylor & Francis Group. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315678610-22","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315678610-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reis H. T. Shaver P. (2018). Intimacy as an interpersonal process. In Reis H. T. (Ed.) Relationships well-being and behaviour: Selected works of Harry Reis (pp. 93\u2013123). Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203732496","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203732496"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_1","first-page":"211","volume-title":"Handbook of closeness and intimacy","author":"Reis H. T.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Reis H. T., Clark M. S., Holmes J. G. (2004). Perceived partner responsiveness as an organizing construct in the study of intimacy and closeness. In Mashek D. J., Aron A. P. (Eds.), Handbook of closeness and intimacy (pp. 211-236). Psychology Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rusbult C. E. Van Lange P. A. M. (2003). Interdependence interaction and relationships. Annual Review of Psychology 54(1) 351\u2013375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.psych.54.101601.145059","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.54.101601.145059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rusbult C. E. Martz J. M. Agnew C. R. (1998). The investment model scale: Measuring commitment level satisfaction level quality of alternatives and investment size. Personal Relationships 5(4) 357\u2013387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.14756811.1998.tb00177.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6811.1998.tb00177.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_1","first-page":"795","volume-title":"Developmental psychopathology: Theory and methods","author":"Ryan R. M.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ryan R. M., Deci E. L., Grolnick W. S., La Guardia J. G. (2006). The significance of autonomy and autonomy support in psychological development and psychopathology. In Cicchetti D., Cohen D. (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Theory and methods (Vol. 1, 2nd ed., pp. 795\u2013849). Wiley.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sibley C. G. Overall N. C. Duckitt J. Perry R. Milfont T. L. Khan S. S. Fischer R. Robertson A. (2009). Your sexism predicts my sexism: Perceptions of men\u2019s (but not women\u2019s) sexism affects one\u2019s own sexism over time. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research 60(9\u201310) 682\u2013693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11199-008-9554-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-008-9554-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swim J. K. Hyers L. L. Cohen L. L. Ferguson M. J. (2001). Everyday sexism: Evidence for its incidence nature and psychological impact from three daily diary studies. Journal of Social Issues 57(1) 31\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/0022-4537.00200","DOI":"10.1111\/0022-4537.00200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swim J. K. Mallett R. Stangor C. (2004). Understanding subtle sexism: Detection and use of sexist language. Sex Roles 51 117\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/B:SERS.0000037757.73192.06","DOI":"10.1023\/B:SERS.0000037757.73192.06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullman S. E. Filipas H. H. (2001). Predictors of PTSD symptom severity and social reactions in sexual assault victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress 14 369\u2013389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1011125220522","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011125220522"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullman S. E. Peter-Hagene L. (2014). Social reactions to sexual assault disclosure coping perceived control and PTSD symptoms in sexual assault victims. Journal of Community Psychology 42(4) 495\u2013508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcop.21624","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.21624"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullman S. E. O\u2019Callaghan E. Shepp V. Harris C. (2020). Reasons for and experiences of sexual assault nondisclosure in a diverse community sample. Journal of Family Violence 35 839\u2013851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10896-020-00141-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-020-00141-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_1","unstructured":"United Nations. (2024). The sustainable development goals report 2024. thesustainabledevelopmentgoalsreport2024.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vandello J. A. Bosson J. K. (2013). Hard won and easily lost: A review and synthesis of theory and research on precarious manhood. Psychology of Men & Masculinity 14(2) 101\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0029826","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029826"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walker S. A. Pinkus R. T. Olderbak S. MacCann C. (2023). People with higher relationship satisfaction use more humor valuing and receptive listening to regulate their partners\u2019 emotions. Current Psychology. 43(3): 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-023-04432-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-023-04432-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weinstein N. Huo A. Itzchakov G. (2021). Parental listening when adolescents self-disclose: A preregistered experimental study. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 209 105178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jecp.2021.105178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2021.105178"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weinstein N. Itzchakov G. Legate N. (2022). The motivational value of listening during intimate and difficult conversations. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 16(2) e12651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/spc3.12651","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12651"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams G. C. Lynch M. F. McGregor H. A. Ryan R. M. Sharp D. Deci E. L. (2006). Validation of the \u201cImportant Other\u201d climate questionnaire: Assessing autonomy support for health-related change. Families Systems & Health 24(2) 179\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1091-7527.24.2.179","DOI":"10.1037\/1091-7527.24.2.179"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_1","unstructured":"Women and Gender Equality Canada (2019). Calling men and boys in: What we heard \u2013 Report from the roundtables on engaging men and boys to advance gender equality. https:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/collections\/collection_2021\/fegc-wage\/SW21-174-2019-eng.pdf. Accessed July 30 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zawadzki M. J. Shields S. A. Danube C. L. Swim J. K. (2014). Reducing the endorsement of sexism using experiential learning: The workshop activity for gender equity simulation (WAGES). Psychology of Women Quarterly 38(1) 75\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0361684313498573","DOI":"10.1177\/0361684313498573"}],"container-title":["Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/01461672261442993","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/01461672261442993","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/01461672261442993","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T13:16:38Z","timestamp":1780060598000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/01461672261442993"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"references-count":75,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/01461672261442993"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01461672261442993","relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-1672","1552-7433"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-1672","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-7433","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"article-number":"01461672261442993"}}