{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T18:22:56Z","timestamp":1788459776967,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011730","name":"Templeton World Charity Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TWCF202230296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TWCF202230296"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011730","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pers Soc Psychol Bull"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Humans have been singing with other humans across time and culture. Although past research found positive effects of singing with others, it has not disentangled those effects from being in an established collective. In the current research, we examined the hypothesis that singing in groups leads to increased feelings of well-being and self-expansion even without an established collective. Furthermore, we hypothesized that the main mechanism for these effects is a feeling of collective effervescence\u2014an intertwining sense that one is connected to others and that something special is happening. Finally, we hypothesized that the positive effects of collective effervescence felt during a singing event can last weeks, even months, after the event. Across two experiments and a longitudinal study, we found support for our hypotheses. Singing in groups predicts positive outcomes (e.g., positive mood, satisfaction with life, self-concept change, donation intentions), primarily via the collective effervescence experienced at these events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/01461672261479483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T06:24:49Z","timestamp":1788243889000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["More Than a Song: Collective Singing Increases Well-being and Self-Expansion Via Collective Effervescence"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3384-8900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shira","family":"Gabriel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of New York, University at Buffalo, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5758-3508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Koefler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of New York, University at Buffalo, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4182-4837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Poulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of New York, University at Buffalo, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of New York, University at Buffalo, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maayan","family":"Dvir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Czarina","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of New York, University at Buffalo, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4061-0773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esha","family":"Naidu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aron A. Aron E. N. Smollan D. (1992). Inclusion of other in the self scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63(4) 596\u2013612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.63.4.596","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.63.4.596"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aron A. Lewandowski G. Branand B. Mashek D. Aron E. (2022). Self-expansion motivation and inclusion of others in self: An updated review. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 39(12) 026540752211106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02654075221110630","DOI":"10.1177\/02654075221110630"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coulton S. Clift S. Skingley A. Rodriguez J. (2015). Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of community singing on mental health-related quality of life of older people: randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry 207(3) 250\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.129908","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.129908"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","volume-title":"Flow: The psychology of optimal experience","author":"Csikszentmihalyi M.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Csikszentmihalyi M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. Harper & Row."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diener E. D. Emmons R. A. Larsen R. J. Griffin S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment 49(1) 71\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327752jpa4901_13","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa4901_13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dingle G. A. Clift S. Finn S. Gilbert R. Groarke J. M. Irons J. Y. Bartoli A. J. Lamont A. Launay J. Martin E. S. Moss H. Sanfilippo K. R. Shipton M. Stewart L. Talbot S. Tarrant M. Tip L. Williams E. J. (2019). An agenda for best practice research on group singing health and well-being. Music & Science 2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2059204319861719","DOI":"10.1177\/2059204319861719"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emery L. F. Hughes E. K. Gardner W. L. (2022). Confusion or clarity? Examining a possible tradeoff between self-expansion and self-concept clarity. Social Psychological and Personality Science 14(1) 194855062110670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/19485506211067040","DOI":"10.1177\/19485506211067040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emery L. F. Walsh C. Slotter E. B. (2014). Knowing who you are and adding to it. Social Psychological and Personality Science 6(3) 259\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1948550614555029","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550614555029"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faul F. Erdfelder E. Lang A.G. Buchner A. (2007) G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social behavioral and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39 175\u2013191. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03193146","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabriel S. Koefler N. Schneider V. (2024). Creating a space for the sacred in a secular world: Shabbat dinners as a vehicle for collective effervescence social connection and meaning. Studies in Religion 53(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00084298241238680","DOI":"10.1177\/00084298241238680"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabriel S. Naidu E. Paravati E. Morrison C. D. Gainey K. (2020). Creating the sacred from the profane: Collective effervescence and everyday activities. The Journal of Positive Psychology 15(1) 129\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17439760.2019.1689412","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760.2019.1689412"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabriel S. Paravati E. (2021). If Music Be the Food of Love Play On: Four ways that music may lead to social connection. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 44 E71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0140525X20001430","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X20001430"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabriel S. Schneider V. (2024). The need for social embeddedness: Human belonging goes beyond dyadic bonds. Current Directions in Psychological Science 33(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09637214241257880","DOI":"10.1177\/09637214241257880"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabriel S. Valenti J. Naragon-Gainey K. Young A. F. (2017). The psychological importance of collective assembly: Development and validation of the Tendency for Effervescent Assembly Measure (TEAM). Psychological Assessment 29(11) 1349\u20131362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0000434","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000434"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galinha I. C. Pinal D. Lima M. L. (2022). Factors predicting adherence to artistic-singing groups for older adults and their role as moderators of the intervention outcomes. Clinical Gerontologist 46(3) 376\u2013388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07317115.2022.2151390","DOI":"10.1080\/07317115.2022.2151390"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","volume-title":"The effects of secular choral singing on US singers","author":"Grunwald Associates LLC & Chorus America","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grunwald Associates LLC & Chorus America. (2019). The effects of secular choral singing on US singers. Grunwald Associates LLC & Chorus America."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrison D. P. Stritzke W. G. K. Fay N. Hudaib A.-R. (2018). Zest for Life Scale [Database record]. APA PsycTests. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/t67451-000","DOI":"10.1037\/t67451-000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hughes M. E. Waite L. J. Hawkley L. C. Cacioppo J. T. (2004). A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys: Results from two population-based studies. Research on Aging 26(6) 655\u2013672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0164027504268574","DOI":"10.1177\/0164027504268574"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Judd M. Pooley J. A. (2014). The psychological benefits of participating in group singing for members of the general public. Psychology of Music 42(2) 269\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0305735612471237","DOI":"10.1177\/0305735612471237"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01461672241288027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krueger P. J. (2014). Doing ethnography in music education. The Oxford.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199844272.013.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lakens D. (2010). Movement synchrony and perceived entitativity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 46(5) 701\u2013708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jesp.2010.03.015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2010.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamont A. (2011). University students\u2019 strong experiences of music: Pleasure engagement and meaning. Musicae Scientiae 15(2) 229\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1029864911403368","DOI":"10.1177\/1029864911403368"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawendowski R. Besta T. (2020). Is participation in music festivals a self-expansion opportunity? Identity self-perception and the importance of music\u2019s functions. Musicae Scientiae 24(2) 206\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1029864918792593","DOI":"10.1177\/1029864918792593"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mashek D. Cannaday L. W. Tangney J. P. (2007). Inclusion of community in self scale: A single-item pictorial measure of community connectedness. Journal of Community Psychology 35(2) 257\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcop.20146","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.20146"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McFarland S. Webb M. Brown D. (2012). All humanity is my ingroup: A measure and studies of identification with all humanity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 103(5) 830\u2013853. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0028724","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028724"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mellinger C. Fritzson A. Park B. Dimidjian S. (2024). Developing the Sense of Belonging Scale and understanding its relationship to loneliness need to belong and general well-being outcomes. Journal of Personality Assessment 106(3) 347\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00223891.2023.2279564","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2023.2279564"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moss H. Lee S. Clifford A. M. N\u00ed Bhriain O. O\u2019Neill D. (2022). Together in song: Designing a singing for health group intervention for older people living in the community. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy 31(5) 413\u2013430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08098131.2021.2004613","DOI":"10.1080\/08098131.2021.2004613"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naidu E. S. Paravati E. Gabriel S. (2022). Staying happy even when staying 6 ft apart: The relationship between extroversion and social adaptability. Personality and Individual Differences 190 111\u2013549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2022.111549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2022.111549"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naidu E. Gabriel S. Wildschut T. Sedikides C. (2024). Reliving the good old days: Nostalgia increases psychological well-being through collective effervescence. Social Psychological and Personality Science 15(1) 194855062211498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/19485506221149813","DOI":"10.1177\/19485506221149813"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2015). Older people: Independence and mental well-being (NICE Guideline NG32). www.nice.org.uk"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearce E. Launay J. Dunbar R. I. M. (2015). The ice-breaker effect: Singing mediates fast social bonding. Royal Society Open Science 2(10) Article 150221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.150221","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.150221"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e1ez D. Rim\u00e9 B. Basabe N. Wlodarczyk A. Zumeta L. (2015). Psychosocial effects of perceived emotional synchrony in collective gatherings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 108(5) 711\u2013729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pspi0000014","DOI":"10.1037\/pspi0000014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pizarro J. J. Zumeta L. N. Bouchat P. W\u0142odarczyk A. Rim\u00e9 B. Basabe N. Amutio A. P\u00e1ez D. (2022). Emotional processes collective behavior and social movements: A meta-analytic review of collective effervescence outcomes during collective gatherings and demonstrations. Frontiers in Psychology 13 Article 974683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.974683","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.974683"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reese G. Proch J. Finn C. (2015). Identification with all humanity: The role of self-definition and self-investment. European Journal of Social Psychology 45(4) 426\u2013440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejsp.2102","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","volume-title":"Diagnostik von Selbstkonzept, Lernmotivation und Selbstregulation","author":"Rheinberg F.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rheinberg F., Vollmeyer R., Engeser S. (2003). Die Erfassung des Flow-Erlebens [The Assessment of Flow Experience]. In Stiensmeier-Pelster J., Rheinberg F. (Eds.), Diagnostik von Selbstkonzept, Lernmotivation und Selbstregulation [Diagnosis of motivation and self-concept]. Hogrefe"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schneider V. Pascuzzi G. S. Koefler N. Gabriel S. (2025). Me in this crowd is like me in that crowd: Evidence for a crowd self. Self and Identity 1\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15298868.2025.2599334","DOI":"10.1080\/15298868.2025.2599334"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoemann A. M. Boulton A. J. Short S. D. (2017). Determining power and sample size for simple and complex mediation models. Social Psychological and Personality Science 8 379\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1948550617715068","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550617715068"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sedikides C. Wildschut T. Routledge C. Arndt J. (2015). Nostalgia counteracts self-discontinuity and restores self-continuity. European Journal of Social Psychology 45(1) 52\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejsp.2073","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2073"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skingley A. Bungay H. (2010). The Silver Song Club Project: Singing to promote the health of older people. British Journal of Community Nursing 15(3) 136\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12968\/bjcn.2010.15.3.46902","DOI":"10.12968\/bjcn.2010.15.3.46902"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stewart N. A. J. Lonsdale A. J. (2016). It\u2019s better together: The psychological benefits of singing in a choir. Psychology of Music 44(6) 1240\u20131254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0305735615624976","DOI":"10.1177\/0305735615624976"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trehub S. E. Becker J. Morley I. (2015). Cross-cultural perspectives on music and musicality. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370(1664) 20140096. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2014.0096","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0096"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watson D. Clark L. A. Tellegen A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54(6) 1063\u20131070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.54.6.1063","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.6.1063"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weinstein D. Launay J. Pearce E. Dunbar R. I. Stewart L. (2016). Group music performance causes elevated pain thresholds and social bonding in small and large groups of singers. Evolution and Human Behavior 37(2) 152\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2015.10.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2015.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams E. Dingle G. A. Clift S. (2018). A systematic review of mental health and well-being outcomes of group singing for adults with a mental health condition. European Journal of Public Health 28(6) 1035\u20131042. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurpub\/cky115","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cky115"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wlodarczyk A. Zumeta L. Pizarro J. J. Bouchat P. Hatibovic F. Basabe N. Rim\u00e9 B. (2020). Perceived emotional synchrony in collective gatherings: Validation of a short scale and proposition of an integrative measure. Frontiers in Psychology 11 1721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01721","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01721"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wood E. H. Kinnunen M. (2020). Emotion memory and re-collective value: shared festival experiences. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 32(3) 1275\u20131298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJCHM-05-2019-0488","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCHM-05-2019-0488"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29600-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zumeta L. Basabe N. Wlodarczyk A. Bobowik M. Paez D. (2016). Shared flow and positive collective gatherings. Anales de Psicolog\u00eda \/ Annals of Psychology 32(3) 717\u2013727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6018\/analesps.32.3.261651","DOI":"10.6018\/analesps.32.3.261651"}],"container-title":["Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/01461672261479483","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/01461672261479483","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/01461672261479483","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T18:01:32Z","timestamp":1788458492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/01461672261479483"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/01461672261479483"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01461672261479483","relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-1672","1552-7433"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-1672","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-7433","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"article-number":"01461672261479483"}}