{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:34:58Z","timestamp":1792787698000,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Humanities and Social Science Fund of Ministry of Education of China","award":["25YJCZH073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25YJCZH073"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32000778"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32000778"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Applied Psychological Measurement"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Cumulative summation (CUSUM) and change point analysis (CPA) procedures are the two most widely used methods for flagging aberrant item responses, yet their relative merits have been examined almost exclusively in unidimensional settings. This study evaluated five person-fit statistics (PFSs) that have demonstrated strong detection power in earlier research: the CUSUM-based (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:msubsup>\n                            <mml:mi>C<\/mml:mi>\n                            <mml:mi>i<\/mml:mi>\n                            <mml:mi>T<\/mml:mi>\n                          <\/mml:msubsup>\n                          <mml:mo>,<\/mml:mo>\n                          <mml:msubsup>\n                            <mml:mi>C<\/mml:mi>\n                            <mml:mi>i<\/mml:mi>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mi>L<\/mml:mi>\n                              <mml:mi>A<\/mml:mi>\n                              <mml:mi>R<\/mml:mi>\n                              <mml:mi>D<\/mml:mi>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <\/mml:msubsup>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ), and the CPA-based (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:msub>\n                            <mml:mi>L<\/mml:mi>\n                            <mml:mi mathvariant=\"italic\">max<\/mml:mi>\n                          <\/mml:msub>\n                          <mml:mo>,<\/mml:mo>\n                          <mml:msub>\n                            <mml:mi>W<\/mml:mi>\n                            <mml:mi mathvariant=\"italic\">max<\/mml:mi>\n                          <\/mml:msub>\n                          <mml:mo>,<\/mml:mo>\n                          <mml:msub>\n                            <mml:mi>R<\/mml:mi>\n                            <mml:mi mathvariant=\"italic\">max<\/mml:mi>\n                          <\/mml:msub>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ), in multidimensional testing scenarios. In addition, the Wald statistic was derived to a new form for multidimensional tests, which is much different from the unidimensional version. Both a simulation experiment and a case study were conducted to assess the performance of these PFSs in detecting back random response (BRR). Results showed that inter-dimensional ability correlation influenced detection rates, and this effect diminished as test length increased. Across all conditions, the newly proposed\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:msub>\n                            <mml:mi>W<\/mml:mi>\n                            <mml:mi mathvariant=\"italic\">max<\/mml:mi>\n                          <\/mml:msub>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    statistic achieved higher average detection efficiency than its competitors and exhibited the greatest stability.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/01466216261488861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:37:31Z","timestamp":1790793451000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Comparative Study on the Detection Efficacy of CUSUM and CPA in Multidimensional Tests"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3665-8010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinhong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hengxin","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146621609331961"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","first-page":"340","article-title":"MMPI-2 random responding indices: Validation using a self-report methodology","volume":"4","author":"Berry D. T. R.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Berry D. T. R., Wetter M. W., Baer R. A., Larsen L., Clark C., Monroe K. (1992). MMPI-2 random responding indices: Validation using a self-report methodology. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 340\u2013345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1040-3590.4.3.340","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1998.10473747"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/000712699161189"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i06"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","first-page":"223","article-title":"Detection of back random responding: Effectiveness of MMPI-2 and Personality Assessment Inventory validity indices","volume":"15","author":"Clark M. E.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Clark M. E., Gironda R. J., Young R. W. (2003). Detection of back random responding: Effectiveness of MMPI-2 and Personality Assessment Inventory validity indices. Psychological Methods, 15(2), 223\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1040-3590.15.2.223","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11336-003-1081-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164419865316"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-014-9357-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-011-9231-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-024-02495-0"},{"issue":"15","key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Performance decline in low-stakes educational assessments: Different mixture modeling approaches","volume":"5","author":"List M. K.","year":"2017","unstructured":"List M. K., Robitzsch A., Ludtke O., Koller O., Nagy G. (2017). 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