{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T12:14:12Z","timestamp":1788092052944,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann ICRP"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) dosimetry is one of the most important tools for dose assessment after unexpected radiological accidents. Its use for triage after an incident in which a large number of people were exposed to potentially clinically significant levels of radiation has attracted attention. The EPR technique allows to determine the absorbed dose by measuring the signals arising from radicals formed under the influence of ionising radiation. These radicals interact with their environment, so the relationship between the intensity of the EPR signal and the radiation dose must be analysed for each material. The material could be the biological tissues of the victim: hair, nails, tooth enamel, and bones. The extensive use of tooth enamel for this technique has been published as an IAEA technical report. In our studies detailed here, we have performed experiments on the widely used X-band spectrometer (9.4\u2005GHz), but examples of studies demonstrating the advantages of Q band (34\u2005GHz) instruments and the suitability of L-band (1.1\u2005GHz) for in-vivo dosimetry are also reported here. The results obtained using established protocols associated with different sample including nail and hair sample performed in our laboratory are given, the recommendations about protocols from sample collection to dose reporting are proposed, and finally the future of EPR dosimetry is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/01466453251411993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T15:05:27Z","timestamp":1787843127000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electron paramagnetic resonance retrospective dosimetry concepts for radiation accidents"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"S. Tepe","family":"\u00c7am","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Academy and Publications, Turkish Energy, Nuclear and Mineral Research Agency, Besevler, Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radmeas.2007.05.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/40\/12\/005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02563791"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_5_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"Radiation dose determination by using nails with ESR biodosimetry technique","volume":"32","author":"\u00c7am S.T.","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u00c7am S.T., 2020. Radiation dose determination by using nails with ESR biodosimetry technique, Turkish J. Nucl. Sci. 32(1), 43\u201358.","journal-title":"Turkish J. Nucl. Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2014.08.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radmeas.2010.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00723-012-0379-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radmeas.2007.05.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2023.11.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2010.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncad022"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10248949"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82462-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrab027"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_1","volume-title":"Use of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Dosimetry with Tooth Enamel for Retrospective Dose Assessment TECDOC-1331","author":"IAEA","year":"2002","unstructured":"IAEA, 2002. Use of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Dosimetry with Tooth Enamel for Retrospective Dose Assessment TECDOC-1331. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ICRU 2002. Retrospective Assessment of Exposure to Ionising Radiation. ICRU Report 68 J. ICRU 2 (2).","DOI":"10.1093\/jicru_2.2.9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_1","volume-title":"Low-Dose Radiation Effects on Animals and Ecosystems Long-Term Study on the Fukushima Nuclear Accident, Preliminary Study on Electron Spin Resonance Dosimetry Using Affected Cattle Teeth Due to the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident","author":"Inoue K.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Inoue K., Yamaguchi I., Natsuhori M., 2020. Low-Dose Radiation Effects on Animals and Ecosystems Long-Term Study on the Fukushima Nuclear Accident, Preliminary Study on Electron Spin Resonance Dosimetry Using Affected Cattle Teeth Due to the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident, Springer, Singapore."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2004.08.042"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rru066"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_1","first-page":"270","article-title":"Fingernail electron paramagnetic resonance dosimetry protocol for localized hand exposure accident. Nucl","volume":"55","author":"Kim J.S.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim J.S., Park B.R., Cho M, et al., 2023. Fingernail electron paramagnetic resonance dosimetry protocol for localized hand exposure accident. Nucl. Eng. Technol. 55, 270\u2013277.","journal-title":"Eng. Technol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192444"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncu214"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/ctb-2018-0002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0969-8043(94)90241-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/05704928.2015.1101699"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radmeas.2018.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-019-00777-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncw214"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_1","first-page":"526","article-title":"Retrospective dosimetry using fingernail electron paramagnetic resonance response. Nucl","volume":"50","author":"Noori A.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Noori A., Mostajaboddavati M., Ziaie F., 2018. Retrospective dosimetry using fingernail electron paramagnetic resonance response. Nucl. Eng. Technol. 50, 526\u2013530.","journal-title":"Eng. Technol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_1","volume-title":"Development of electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer with improved accuracy for in-vivo tooth dosimetry (doctor dissertation)","author":"Park J.I.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Park J.I., 2019. Development of electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer with improved accuracy for in-vivo tooth dosimetry (doctor dissertation). Seoul National University, Seoul."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0b013e31824ac338"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-013-0511-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0749.1996.tb00116.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radmeas.2016.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radmeas.2007.05.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0000000000001244"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-014-0522-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0000000000000874"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0969-8043(93)90201-K"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radmeas.2008.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-014-0512-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0969-8043(94)90119-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0b013e3181b27502"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radmeas.2011.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-014-0534-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app11031187"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncw236"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2018.04.030"}],"container-title":["Annals of the ICRP"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/01466453251411993","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/01466453251411993","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/01466453251411993","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T11:49:36Z","timestamp":1788090576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/01466453251411993"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/01466453251411993"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01466453251411993","relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-6453","1872-969X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-6453","type":"print"},{"value":"1872-969X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"article-number":"01466453251411993"}}