{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T18:16:37Z","timestamp":1788286597660,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":6,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788048000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann ICRP"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The nuclear industry has had a good track record of progressively reducing occupational, public, and environmental exposures across the nuclear fuel cycle through the practical implementation of the as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) principle. Worker and public doses remain low, and environmental impacts are being better understood, although the environmental impacts continue to be low. However, more recently, the industry is concerned that there is pressure to continue to reduce exposures despite there being no justifiable reason. This is often because of radiation being considered in isolation or prioritised above other potential hazards and leads to misallocation of resources (including physical, human, and financial). The broader concern is that this downward pressure re-enforces the perception of risk at very low exposure levels and biases decision-making about the benefits of the nuclear fuel cycle. With the ongoing concerns of climate change, many countries have made a commitment to embrace low-carbon energy systems. In support of this ambition, new nuclear power has been identified as a key part of the energy mix, highlighting the need to ensure that the decision-making mechanisms at low dose and exposure levels do not constrain the global needs and that there is a balanced treatment of the radiological risk of nuclear power, taking into account the wider non-radiological hazards, environmental considerations, and societal impacts. This article explores the radiological impacts to the environment across the nuclear fuel cycle from mining to the design, construction, operation and decommissioning of new nuclear plants, and finally the management of radioactive liabilities (including spent fuel and radioactive waste). The article provides real-life examples showing how the System of Radiological Protection is applied and how its over-application leads to unsustainable outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/01466453251412088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T03:25:00Z","timestamp":1788146700000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Environmental radiological impacts of the nuclear industry from mining to construction, operation, and decommissioning of a power station"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"Bryant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZU, UK;"},{"name":"Radiation Protection Working Group, World Nuclear Association, 23 Kingsway, London WC2B 6UJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Hondros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Director, JRHC Enterprises, PO Box 372, Stirling, South Australia, Australia;"},{"name":"Radiation Protection Working Group, World Nuclear Association, 23 Kingsway, London WC2B 6UJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_1","volume-title":"Annual Environmental Protection and Management Program Report; Olympic Dam, 1 July 2018\u201330 June 2019","author":"BHP","year":"2019","unstructured":"BHP, 2019. Annual Environmental Protection and Management Program Report; Olympic Dam, 1 July 2018\u201330 June 2019. BHP, Melbourne."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_1","unstructured":"LLW Repository Limited 2011. The 2011 environmental safety case: main report. Report Reference; LLWR\/ESC\/R(11)10016. LLW Repository Limited Cumbria."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucengdes.2011.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_1","unstructured":"Sizewell C. 2020a. Radioactive Substances Regulation (RSR) Permit Application - Appendix\u00a0D - Support Document D1 - Human Radiological Impact Assessment. Document Reference: 100197432 Issue 1. Sizewell C Leiston."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_1","unstructured":"Sizewell C. 2020b Radioactive Substances Regulation (RSR) Permit Application Appendix\u00a0D Support Document D2 - Non-Human Biota Radiological Impact Assessment. Document Reference: 100199175 Issue 1. Sizewell C Leiston."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_1","volume-title":"Safety Analysis for SFR Long-Term Safety. TR-14-01 Revised Edition","author":"Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co., 2015. Safety Analysis for SFR Long-Term Safety. TR-14-01 Revised Edition. Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co., Stockholm."}],"container-title":["Annals of the ICRP"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/01466453251412088","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/01466453251412088","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/01466453251412088","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T17:48:03Z","timestamp":1788284883000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/01466453251412088"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]]},"references-count":6,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/01466453251412088"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01466453251412088","relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-6453","1872-969X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-6453","type":"print"},{"value":"1872-969X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]]},"article-number":"01466453251412088"}}