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Accumulated evidence has demonstrated that some non-cancer effects arise years or decades following radiation exposure at doses and dose rates much lower than previously considered. In 2011, ICRP recommended a nominal threshold of 0.5\u2005Gy to the ocular lens for cataracts and to the heart and brain for diseases of the circulatory system, independent of dose rate. Research published since continues to advance knowledge. Elevated risks of cataracts below 0.5\u2005Gy have been reported in several cohorts, but limited evidence is available for the risk of cataract removal surgery. For diseases of the circulatory system, increased risks have been reported in various cohorts, in many with a mean dose &lt;0.2 Gy, and in various medically and occupationally exposed groups for doses &lt;0.5 Gy, but the existence or otherwise of a threshold dose is unclear. There is mounting evidence for the radiation risk of normal-tension glaucoma and neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system (e.g. Parkinson's disease). In this article, we briefly review recent developments in such late-occurring non-cancer effects and consider the potential implications for radiological protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/01466453251412552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T13:27:27Z","timestamp":1779974847000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Non-cancer effects of radiation exposure: Cataracts, diseases of the circulatory system, and beyond"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"N.","family":"Hamada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.V.","family":"Azizova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Urals Biophysics Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.P.","family":"Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA;"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK;"},{"name":"Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA;\re-mail: mark.little.icl@gmail.com"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2016.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106213"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-018-0450-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz230"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14030602"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2022.2074166"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/em.22594"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zemedi.2023.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rru019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2016.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/RADE-23-00030.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2023.2242939"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","volume-title":"Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. 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