{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:00:09Z","timestamp":1791295209621,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,9,1]],"date-time":"2001-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":999302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Parenter Enteral Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background:<\/jats:italic> Provision of enteral nutrients shortly after traumatic injury has become the preferred method of nutrition support provided to patients. However, traumatic shock results in splanchnic hypoperfusion, which may cause persistent intestinal hypoxia. This study tested the hypothesis that delivery of enteral nutrients to the hypoperfused jejunum increases oxidative demand beyond that available, thereby exacerbating intestinal hypoxia. <jats:italic>Methods:<\/jats:italic> Wistar\u2010Furth rats (186 \u00b1 4 g; n = 24) were randomized to receive intestinal hypoxia (superior mesenteric artery occlusion) or serve as normoxic controls (sham laparotomy). Within the jejunum of each rat, 4 6\u2010cm loops were randomized to receive luminal perfusions with 1 of 4 substrates: mannitol (an osmotic control); glucose (undergoes active transport via the sodium\u2010glucose co\u2010transporter [SGLT\u20101] and is metabolized); 3\u2010o\u2010methylglucose (3\u2010o\u2010mg; uses SGLT\u20101 but is not metabolized); or fructose (does not use SGLT\u20101 but is metabolized). <jats:italic>After in situ<\/jats:italic> perfusions, jejunal tissue was removed for analysis of nutrient transport and barrier function in modified Ussing chambers. Tissue homogenate was used to determine concentration of ATP, lactate, pyruvate, and protein. Also, jejunal tissue was stained with hematoxylin and eosin for qualitative analysis of ischemia and necrosis. Results: Transmural resistance was lower (p &lt;.001) in the hypoxia groups, irrespective of substrate, indicating increased mucosal permeability. When compared with the normoxic controls, glucose transport was impaired (p &lt;.001) in the hypoxic groups; however, glutamine transport was unaffected. The degree of intestinal hypoxia, assessed by jejunal lactate concentration, was higher (p &lt;.001) in the glucose and fructose groups, than the control mannitol and 3\u2010o\u2010mg groups. <jats:italic>Conclusions:<\/jats:italic> The observation that 3\u2010o\u2010mg did not differ from the mannitol control indicates that SGLT\u20101 activation alone does not exacerbate hypoxia. Rather, these results indicate that provision of metabolizable nutrients to the hypoperfused intestine exacerbate hypoxia and potentially lead to intestinal ischemia. Although early enteral nutrition is an important intervention after trauma, care must be taken to ensure intestinal perfusion is adequate to allow for nutrient metabolism and prevent further compromise. <jats:italic>(Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition<\/jats:italic> <jats:bold>25<\/jats:bold>:246\u2013253, 2001)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607101025005246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,14]],"date-time":"2008-05-14T19:51:26Z","timestamp":1210794686000},"page":"246-253","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Luminal Nutrients Exacerbate Intestinal Hypoxia in the Hypoperfused Jejunum"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"K.A.","family":"Kles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.A.","family":"Wallig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.A.","family":"Tappenden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1991.10718183"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198409000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199207000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4804(81)90037-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198512000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/39.1.45","article-title":"Immune response and leucine oxidation in oral and intravenous fed rats","volume":"39","author":"Birkhan RH","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"50","article-title":"Differential neutrophil activation before and after endotoxin infusion in enterally vs. parenterally fed volunteers","volume":"167","author":"Meyer J.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Surg Gyn Obstetr"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"The route of feeding influences injury responses","volume":"330","author":"Lowry SF","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198907000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199205000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510270072043","article-title":"Multiple organ failure syndrome in the 1990s: Systemic inflammatory response and organ dysfunction","volume":"271","author":"Beal AL","year":"1994","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"917","article-title":"The gut: A central organ after surgical stress","volume":"104","author":"Wilmore DW","year":"1988","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"852","article-title":"Chronic gastric ischaemia: A cause of abdominal pain or bleeding identified from the presence of a gastric mucosal acidosis","volume":"30","author":"Fiddian\u2010Green RG","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"The role of the gut in shock and resuscitation","volume":"3","author":"Fiddian\u2010Green RG","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clinical Int Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals","author":"National Research Council","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(96)70011-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"G518","article-title":"Nonionic diffusion of short\u2010chain fatty acids across rat colon","volume":"274","author":"Charney AN","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"G540","article-title":"Mediators of anaphylaxis\u2010induced ion transport changes in small intestine","volume":"253","author":"Castro GA","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"G807","article-title":"Epidermal growth factor upregulates intestinal electrolyte and nutrient transport","volume":"260","author":"Opleta\u2010Madsen K.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"A219","article-title":"Luminal nutrients exacerbate intestinal ischemia in the hypoperfused jejunum","volume":"13","author":"Kles KA","year":"1999","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"G1010","article-title":"Hyperpermeability and ATP depletion induced by chronic hypoxia or glycolytic inhibition in Caco\u20102BBe monolayers","volume":"270","author":"Unno N.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"A Flexible System of Enzymatic Analysis","author":"Lowry AH","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","first-page":"680","article-title":"Effect of dietary taurine supplementation on GSH and NAD(P)\u2010redox status, lipid peroxidation, and energy metabolism in diabetic precataractous lens","volume":"40","author":"Obrosova IG","year":"1999","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein\u2010dye binding","volume":"7","author":"Bradford MM","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607198022006387"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014860719702100107"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-198602000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","first-page":"410","article-title":"Small bowel necrosis associated with postoperative jejunal tube feeding","volume":"180","author":"Schunn CDG","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)38270-4","article-title":"Identification of ketone bodies and glutamine as the major respiratory fuels in vivo for postabsorptive rat small intestine","volume":"253","author":"Windmueller HG","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(88)80267-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1997.01430280114020"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3468(93)90669-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C854","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1987.253.6.C854","article-title":"Alteration of intestinal tight junction structure and permeability by cytoskeletal contraction","volume":"253","author":"Madara JL","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02209146"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02209145"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","first-page":"G968","article-title":"Glucose and glutamine provide similar proportions of energy to mucosal cells of rat small intestine","volume":"273","author":"Fleming SE","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/125.2.273","article-title":"Dietary fiber increases oxidative metabolism in colonocytes but not in distal small intestinal enterocytes isolated from rats","volume":"125","author":"Marsman KE","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/121.6.869","article-title":"Nutrient utilization by cells isolated from rat jejunum, cecum and colon","volume":"121","author":"Fleming SE","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","first-page":"G293","article-title":"Hypoxic liver injury and the ameliorating effects of fructose: The \u201cglucose paradox\u201d revisited","volume":"263","author":"Brass CA","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1997.v113.pm9322512"}],"container-title":["Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aspenjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0148607101025005246","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T11:34:06Z","timestamp":1760873646000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aspenjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0148607101025005246"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,9]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0148607101025005246"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0148607101025005246","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-6071","1941-2444"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-6071","type":"print"},{"value":"1941-2444","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,9]]}}}