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Vitamin D deficiency is defined as a 25\u2010hydroxyvitamin D &lt;20 ng\/mL and insufficiency as 21\u201329 ng\/mL. The major sources of vitamin D are sun exposure, diet, and supplements. In young children, vitamin D deficiency causes a mineralization defect of the skeleton, resulting in rickets. Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to many chronic diseases, including multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, infectious diseases, heart disease, and type 2 diabetes. In utero vitamin D deficiency increases risk for preeclampsia and the need for a cesarean section. Children living at higher latitudes and who are presumed to be at increased risk for vitamin D deficiency are at higher risk for developing type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis later in life. The Institute of Medicine recommends that children 0\u20131 year and 1\u201318 years need 400 and 600 IU\/d, respectively, of vitamin D for maximal skeletal health. 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