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The following side effects of GLN supplementation are discussed: (1) <jats:italic>Alterations in amino acid transport<\/jats:italic>\u2014as GLN shares the transporters with other amino acids, enhanced GLN intake may impair amino acid distribution among tissues and their absorption in the gut and kidneys. (2) <jats:italic>Alterations in GLN metabolism<\/jats:italic>\u2014GLN supplementation may impair synthesis of endogenous GLN and enhance glutamate and ammonia production. (3) <jats:italic>Alterations in ammonia transport<\/jats:italic>\u2014GLN supplementation may impair ammonia detoxification and negatively affect the role of GLN as the carrier of ammonia among tissues. (4) <jats:italic>Abnormalities in aminoacidemia<\/jats:italic>\u2014increased plasma levels of GLN, glutamate, citrulline, ornithine, arginine, and histidine and decreased levels of valine, leucine, isoleucine, glycine, threonine, serine, and proline are reported. (5) <jats:italic>Alterations in immune system<\/jats:italic>\u2014as GLN has immunomodulating properties, the effect of chronic GLN consumption on the immune system needs to be assessed. (6) <jats:italic>Effect on tumor growth<\/jats:italic>\u2014it should be elucidated whether chronic intake of GLN increases the risk of cancer. (7) <jats:italic>Effect of the withdrawal of GLN supplementation<\/jats:italic>\u2014due to the adaptive response of the organism to enhanced GLN consumption, the withdrawal of GLN may enhance the risk of health problems resulting from GLN deficiency. It is concluded that enhanced intake of GLN has substantial side effects, and long\u2010term studies should be performed to justify chronic consumption of a GLN\u2010enriched diet.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607112460682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,19]],"date-time":"2012-09-19T04:21:39Z","timestamp":1348028499000},"page":"607-616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Side Effects of Long\u2010Term Glutamine 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