{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T07:57:41Z","timestamp":1789891061630,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,30]],"date-time":"2015-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,30]],"date-time":"2015-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Parenter Enteral Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background:<\/jats:italic> Intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (I\/R) is a life\u2010threatening emergency accompanied by inflammation and organ damage. We compared the mechanisms and the effects of arginine, citrulline, and glutamine on inflammation and intestinal damage. <jats:italic>Materials and Methods<\/jats:italic>: Male Wistar rats underwent 60 minutes of superior mesenteric artery occlusion and either 3 (I\/R3) or 24 (I\/R24) hours of reperfusion and were orally administered vehicle, arginine, citrulline, or glutamine 15 minutes before reperfusion and at 3, 9, and 21 hours of reperfusion. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>: I\/R3 rats experienced jejunal damage and apoptosis, and I\/R24 rats had liver dysfunction compared with normal rats (one\u2010way ANOVA, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .05). Arginine and citrulline administrations improved jejunal morphology, and citrulline and glutamine administrations alleviated the loss of jejunal mass in I\/R3 rats. I\/R3\u2010increased circulating nitrate\/nitrite (NOx), tumor necrosis factor\u2013\u03b1, and interleukin\u20106 were significantly decreased by citrulline, glutamine and citrulline, and arginine, glutamine, and citrulline, respectively. These amino acids decreased plasma NOx and interferon\u2010\u03b3 in I\/R24, decreased jejunal neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) protein in I\/R3 rats, and alleviated jejunal apoptosis in I\/R3 and I\/R24 rats. In addition, the jejunal phosphorylated to total nuclear factor\u2013\u03baB (NF\u2010\u03baB) ratio was decreased by arginine and citrulline in I\/R24 rats. <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>: Oral administration of arginine, citrulline, and glutamine may alleviate systemic inflammation, jejunal apoptosis, and neuronal NOS in intestinal I\/R. Citrulline may further attenuate jejunal damage by preserving jejunal mass, partially via the inactivation of NOS and the NF\u2010\u03baB pathway. In conclusion, oral citrulline may have more benefits than arginine and glutamine in mitigating intestinal ischemia and reperfusion\u2010induced adverse effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607115590661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]],"date-time":"2015-07-01T02:15:23Z","timestamp":1435716923000},"page":"422-435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Oral Citrulline Mitigates Inflammation and Jejunal Damage via the Inactivation of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase and Nuclear Factor\u2013\u03baB in Intestinal Ischemia and Reperfusion"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Chun\u2010Hong","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien\u2010Hsing","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching\u2010Yi","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui\u2010Chen","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-010-0727-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2012.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/819382"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-004-1318-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-007-0102-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-008-0152-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607104028004224"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00248.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2007.02990.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.6.1621S"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014860710703100101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2010.06.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v10.i17.2592"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000151273.01810.E9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9629-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2006.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.042317"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"241","article-title":"A 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