{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:34:01Z","timestamp":1792787641203,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02fvtx219","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eval Health Prof"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is a dearth of research that evaluates the generalizability of substance use disorder treatment outcomes. We assess one-month follow-up survey results and evaluate generalizability of outcomes for individuals randomly selected after discharge from a non-profit treatment center. The sample consisted of discharged patients (N = 6771). Follow-up measures were: alcohol\/drug abstinence, self-reported health, quality of life, peer-recovery group attendance, follow-up treatment receipt, medication use, and craving. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses compared patients who were randomly selected to those not selected, and follow-up respondents to non-respondents; 10 measures (demographic, treatment- and diagnosis-related measures) were used to assess selection and nonresponse. A survey weight was generated that accounted for selection, and response\/attrition. Outcomes were estimated using weights, and these estimates were compared to unweighted values. Weighted abstinence rate one month after treatment was 76.4% (95% CI = 74.4%, 78.4%); unweighted rate was 78.2% (95% CI = 76.4%, 79.9%). Eight out of the 10 measures used to assess survey response significantly predicted response. All 6 outcome measures were statistically similar across weighted and unweighted analyses. One-month follow-up results were representative of daily discharged population at a single US-based treatment center. Centers should use sampling designs that ensure generalizability and provide full methodological details when reporting follow-up measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/01632787261484629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T09:21:44Z","timestamp":1790068904000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating the Generalizability of Substance Use Treatment Outcomes at One-Month Follow-Ups Using Data From a Random Sample of Discharged Patients at a Single US-Based Treatment Center"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Quyen M.","family":"Ngo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jermaine D.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulette","family":"Baukol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaitlyn","family":"Mishlen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara","family":"Cantwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4214-3985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Parks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732320971231"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10503307.2013.817696"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.702"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_1","volume-title":"Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis \u2018 methods: Second edition","author":"Bryk A. S.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bryk A. S., Raudenbush S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis \u2018 methods: Second edition. Sage Publications."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2021.100175"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/SAR.S305972"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evalprogplan.2004.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5688\/aj720243"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_1","unstructured":"Foundation for Recovery Science and Education. (2025). 2025 FoRSE annual summary. National association of addiction treatment providers. https:\/\/www.naatp.org\/members\/treatment-research\/2025-forse-annual-summary"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145817"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2007.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07347324.2024.2441162"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/36263"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/016327879401700103"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02233912"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfl033"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_1","volume-title":"Applied survey data analysis","author":"Heeringa S. G.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Heeringa S. G., West B. T., Berglund P. A. (2017). Applied survey data analysis. Chapman and Hall\/CRC."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_1","volume-title":"NAATP addiction treatment outcomes measurement toolkit: The addiction treatment provider guide to standardized outcomes measurement","author":"Hirsh H.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hirsh H., Wheeler N., Gelman K., Swan J. (2019). NAATP addiction treatment outcomes measurement toolkit: The addiction treatment provider guide to standardized outcomes measurement. NAATP. https:\/\/www.naatp.org\/sites\/naatp.org\/files\/OutcomesToolkitandReport.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.3532"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13191"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.91.12s1.16.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_7_24_1","first-page":"305","article-title":"Calibration as a standard method for treatment of nonresponse","volume":"15","author":"Lundstr\u00f6m S.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lundstr\u00f6m S., S\u00e4rndal C. E. (1999). Calibration as a standard method for treatment of nonresponse. Journal of Official Statistics, 15(2), 305.","journal-title":"Journal of Official Statistics"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.202000879"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2023.111017"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_27_1","volume-title":"Form 90: A structured assessment interview for drinking and related behaviors","author":"Miller W.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Miller W. (1996). Form 90: A structured assessment interview for drinking and related behaviors. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. https:\/\/pubs.niaaa.nih.gov\/publications\/projectmatch\/match05.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-1-37"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_29_1","volume-title":"Measuring success in substance use grant programs: Outcomes and metrics for improvement","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","year":"2020","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2020). Measuring success in substance use grant programs: Outcomes and metrics for improvement. The National Academies Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_30_1","unstructured":"National Association of Addiction Treatment Providers. (2019). Addiction treatment providers outcomes pilot program final report. https:\/\/www.naatp.org\/sites\/naatp.org\/files\/Addiction_Treatment_Providers_Outcomes_Pilot_Program_Final_Report.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/34408"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_32_1","volume-title":"Research update: Patient outcomes study results","author":"Parks M. J.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Parks M. J., Ngo Q. (2023). Research update: Patient outcomes study results. Butler Center for Research, Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation. https:\/\/www.hazeldenbettyford.org\/content\/dam\/hbff\/educational-content\/research-updates\/ru-files\/648700-BCR-RU64-Patient-Outcomes-Professional-Flyer-FxLR-ADA-508v2.pdf.coredownload.inline.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15158"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03450190043026"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-024-00446-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0470011351"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_38_1","volume-title":"Results from the 2022 national survey on drug use and health: A companion infographic (SAMHSA publication no. PEP23-07-01-007)","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2023","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2023). Results from the 2022 national survey on drug use and health: A companion infographic (SAMHSA publication no. PEP23-07-01-007). Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/report\/2022-nsduh-infographic"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_39_1","volume-title":"Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2023 national survey on drug use and health (HHS publication no. PEP24-07-021, NSDUH series H-59)","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2024","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2024). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2023 national survey on drug use and health (HHS publication no. PEP24-07-021, NSDUH series H-59). Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/report\/2023-nsduh-annual-national-report"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.10.2.75"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-12-192"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/48701"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12963-016-0091-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000001094"}],"container-title":["Evaluation &amp; the Health Professions"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/01632787261484629","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/01632787261484629","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/01632787261484629","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:18:27Z","timestamp":1790266707000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/01632787261484629"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/01632787261484629"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01632787261484629","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-2787","1552-3918"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-2787","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3918","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"article-number":"01632787261484629"}}