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This study introduces the Multidimensional Vaping Dependence Index (MVDI), a 27-item self-report instrument assessing behavioral engagement, reinforcement, and loss of control. Items were developed from general addiction models, nicotine and tobacco dependence research, and vapingspecific literature and refined through expert review. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses in 530 adults who reported vaping (99.4% at least weekly) supported a three-factor structure: Vaping Preoccupation, Vaping Reinforcement, and Loss of Control. Convergent validity was demonstrated through positive correlations with established vaping dependence measures. Concurrent validity was supported by positive associations with vaping frequency, e-liquid nicotine concentration, and self-perceived addiction to vaping. Incremental validity analyses indicated that the MVDI, Vaping Preoccupation, and Vaping Reinforcement explained additional variance in vaping outcomes beyond established dependence measures, while Loss of Control was uniquely associated with self-perceived addiction. Overall, findings provide initial evidence that the MVDI is a valid and psychometrically sound multidimensional measure that offers both a general index of vaping dependence and specific subscales for research and clinical assessment, potentially informing targeted intervention and evaluation efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/01632787261489277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:02:01Z","timestamp":1790010121000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation of the Multidimensional Vaping Dependence Index (MVDI)"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0956-3774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph R.","family":"Vilches","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Texas"},{"name":"Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9038-1606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Casey R.","family":"Guillot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/psrm.2021.57"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","unstructured":"Asparouhov T. 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