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Linear growth curve models were applied to a sample of 13,564 respondents aged 45 years and older from four waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS 2011\u20132018). Living alone, particularly for rural, female, and older respondents, was associated with a faster functional decline when compared to living with a spouse and without children. Improved housing quality was associated with a slower functional decline. Living with young descendants and without adult children for urban residents and a lower expenditure per capita for younger respondents were associated with a faster functional decline. These findings suggest that policies aimed at enhancing living conditions have the potential to improve physical functioning of older adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/01640275241246051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T02:43:45Z","timestamp":1712889825000},"page":"451-467","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Household Environments and Functional Decline Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in China: Variations by Gender, Age, and Residence"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5918-0736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dandan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Criminal Justice, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4899-318X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ye","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Criminal Justice, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9941-809X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen A.","family":"Kemper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9988-6512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8705-9686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xi","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-01640275241246051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-017-0642-4"},{"key":"bibr2-01640275241246051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(18)30622-6"},{"key":"bibr3-01640275241246051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.13442"},{"key":"bibr4-01640275241246051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.08.063"},{"key":"bibr5-01640275241246051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glw038"},{"key":"bibr6-01640275241246051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02763893.2011.595615"},{"key":"bibr7-01640275241246051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112053"},{"key":"bibr8-01640275241246051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-019-0432-x"},{"key":"bibr9-01640275241246051","volume-title":"How severe are China\u2019s demographic challenges?","author":"Center for Strategic and International Studies","year":"2023"},{"key":"bibr10-01640275241246051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.14391"},{"key":"bibr11-01640275241246051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131014"},{"key":"bibr12-01640275241246051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038682"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr13-01640275241246051","first-page":"e12385","volume":"14","author":"Clark A. 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