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Using data from 23,248 middle-aged and older adults in the Health and Retirement Study, we applied advanced longitudinal models\u2014specifically STARTS variants of ARTS and RI-CLPM\u2014to examine reciprocal associations between friendship characteristics (number, contact frequency, quality) and health indicators (self-rated health, depression, cognition) over a 16-year period. Cross-lagged effects were consistently small, and more robust evidence emerged for health predicting friendship outcomes than the reverse. The best-fitting models accounted for occasion-specific variance, suggesting traditional lagged models may overestimate these effects. Our results raise doubts about strong causal claims linking friendships to health and underscore the need for more careful modeling of temporal dynamics. Findings highlight the importance of decomposing trait-like and state-like variation to clarify the role of friendships in healthy aging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/01640275251408745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T16:37:06Z","timestamp":1766853426000},"page":"519-532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluating Associations Between Friendship Characteristics and Mental, Physical, and Cognitive Health"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1748-8738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William J.","family":"Chopik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyewon","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard E.","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008837002431"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14776-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2011.00714.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105872"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/60.6.P320"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12660"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igz005"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00259-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbx155"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pere.12187"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbr048"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18234-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721419855657"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000505547"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.025429"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2017.1402334"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038889"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/270780"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp293"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08902070231214815"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_23_1","first-page":"233","volume-title":"The psychology of friendship","author":"Holt-Lunstad J.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Holt-Lunstad J. 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