{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T22:49:22Z","timestamp":1770504562971,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,1]],"date-time":"2002-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1038700800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Information Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This paper reviews recent developments in three areas of law that affect National Information Policies - copyright, Freedom of Information, and data protection. In the case of copyright, the roles of international agencies such as WIPO and the World Trade Organization, and of the European Union only are considered. These are the bodies that have most influence on developments in the law of copyright worldwide. In the case of the other legal areas, significant developments in major countries in the world are considered. The problems caused by the differences between the USA and the EU approaches to data protection are highlighted, and examples of good practice in Freedom of Information and data protection legislation are highlighted. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/016555150202800603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,18]],"date-time":"2004-12-18T01:36:35Z","timestamp":1103333795000},"page":"467-481","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["National Information Policy developments worldwide IV: copyright, Freedom of                 Information and data protection"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Adrienne","family":"Muir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Oppenheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK,"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","unstructured":"[1] WIPO web site; www.wipo.org"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Butterworths Intellectual Property Law Handbook","author":"J. Phillips","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb3","volume":"3","author":"F. Macmillan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Information Law and Technology"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"International Treaties on Intellectual Property","author":"M.A. Leaffer","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb5","unstructured":"[5] TRIPS Agreement; www.wto.org\/english\/tratop_e\/trips_e\/intel2_e\/htm"},{"issue":"1","key":"atypb6","first-page":"73","volume":"7","author":"S. Lai","year":"1999","journal-title":"International Journal of Law and IT"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"Butterworths Intellectual Property Law Handbook","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"Database Law","author":"C. Rees","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb9","first-page":"6","volume":"12","author":"E. Giaverra","year":"1997","journal-title":"SCONUL Newsletter"},{"key":"atypb10","volume-title":"Directive 2001\/29\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the harmonization of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/016555159902500402"},{"issue":"1","key":"atypb12","author":"D.W. Schartum","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Information Law and Technology"},{"key":"atypb13","volume":"1","author":"N. Moore","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Information Law and Technology"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9299.1989.tb00721.x"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/016555159802400202"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/095574900101300102"},{"issue":"2","key":"atypb17","first-page":"83","volume":"15","author":"D. Meehan","year":"2000","journal-title":"An Leabarlann"},{"issue":"1","key":"atypb18","first-page":"32","volume":"50","author":"H. von Hielmcrone","year":"2000","journal-title":"Libri"},{"key":"atypb19","unstructured":"[19] Australian Freedom of Information Act 1982. Available at:                 www.austlii.edu.au\/au\/legis\/cth\/consol_act\/foia1982222\/ (access date 21                 August 2001)."},{"key":"atypb20","unstructured":"[20] Canadian Government web site; http:\/\/canada.justice.gc.ca\/STABLE\/EN\/Laws\/Chap\/A\/A-1.html"},{"key":"atypb21","volume-title":"Access to Commission Documents: a Citizen\u2019s Guide","author":"European Commission","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb22","unstructured":"[22] New Code of Access in the EU;                 www.privacyinternational.org\/issues\/foia\/eu\/eo-foi-reg-501.pdf (access                 date 21 August 2001)."},{"issue":"1","key":"atypb23","first-page":"22","volume":"31","author":"H. Davies","year":"2000","journal-title":"Law Librarian"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(01)00097-1"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00050-2"},{"key":"atypb26","unstructured":"[26] Access to Information Act and Access to Public Administration Files;                 www.vissenbergkommune.dk\/postli\/offlov.htm (access date 31 August 2001)."},{"key":"atypb27","unstructured":"[27] Publicity Act; www.om.fi\/1184.htm (access date 31 August 2001)."},{"key":"atypb28","unstructured":"[28] Resources on Freedom of Information Law;                 http:\/\/faculty.maxwell.syr.edu\/asroberts\/foi\/links.html%23Germany (access                 date 31 August 2001)."},{"key":"atypb29","unstructured":"[29] Office of the Information Commissioner;                 www.gov.ie\/oic\/foi.htm (access date 31 August 2001)."},{"key":"atypb30","unstructured":"[30] Irish Freedom of Information Act 1997;                 www.gov.ie\/oic\/2132_3c2 (access date 21 August 2001)."},{"key":"atypb31","unstructured":"[31] The Office of the Information Commissioner;                 www.irlgov.ie\/oic\/235e_3c2.htm (access date 21 August 2001)."},{"issue":"3","key":"atypb32","first-page":"140","volume":"31","author":"G. Smyth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Law Librarian"},{"key":"atypb33","volume-title":"FoI Around the World","author":"Privacy International","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb34","unstructured":"[34] Code on Access to Information;                 http;\/\/www.info.gov.hk\/access\/code.htm (access date 29 August 2001)."},{"key":"atypb35","unstructured":"[35] Code on Access to Information;                 www.bild.net\/fiHK.htm%23annex%2520a (access date 20 August 2001)."},{"key":"atypb36","unstructured":"[36] New Zealand Official Information Act 1982;                 www.comslaw.org.au\/research\/Equity\/19990924_elwoodfoi.html (access date                 21 August 2001)."},{"key":"atypb37","unstructured":"[37] Official Information Act 1982;                 http:\/\/rangi.knowledgebasket.co.nz\/gpacts\/reprint\/text\/1982\/an\/156.html                 (access date 21 August 2001)."},{"key":"atypb38","unstructured":"[38] Communications Law Centre;                 www.comslaw.org.au\/research\/Equity\/19990924_elwoodfoi.html (access date                 22 August 2001)."},{"key":"atypb39","unstructured":"[39] Promotion of Access to Information Act 2000;                 www.gov.za\/gazette\/acts\/2000\/a2-00.pdf (access date 21 August 2001)."},{"issue":"2","key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-1333(01)00186-0","volume":"27","author":"H.C. Relyea","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Academic Librarianship"},{"issue":"6","key":"atypb41","first-page":"51","volume":"10","author":"L. Gordon-Murname","year":"2002","journal-title":"Searcher"},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-1333(02)00305-1"},{"key":"atypb43","volume-title":"National Information Policies and Strategies - an Overview and Bibliographic Survey","author":"M.W. Hill","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb44","volume":"2","author":"J.A. Dearnley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Information Law and Technology"},{"key":"atypb45","unstructured":"[45] Guidelines; www.oecd.org\/dsti\/sti\/it\/secur\/prod\/PRIV-en.HTM                 (access date 24 August 2001)."},{"key":"atypb46","unstructured":"[46] Australian Privacy Act 1988;                 www.austliiedu.au\/au\/legis\/cth\/consol_act\/pa1988108\/ (access date 24                 August 2001)."},{"key":"atypb47","unstructured":"[47] The Australian Privacy Commissioner\u2019s Privacy Policy; www.privacy.gov.au\/policy\/index.html"},{"key":"atypb48","unstructured":"[48] The Australian Privacy Commissioner\u2019s web site;                 www.privacy.gov.au\/news\/index.html%236.67 (access date 20 August 2001)."},{"key":"atypb49","unstructured":"[49] Amendment (Private Sector) Bill;                 www.search.aph.gov.au\/search\/ (access date 31 August 2001)"},{"key":"atypb50","unstructured":"[50] Electronic Frontiers Australia. Online Privacy Issues;                 www.efa.org.au\/Issues\/Privacy\/index.html%23bill (access date 30 August 2001)."},{"key":"atypb51","unstructured":"[51] Western Australian E-commerce Centre. Security, Privacy and Legal                 Issues;                 http:\/\/ecommercecentre.online.wa.gov.au\/text_version\/news\/getarticle.asp?articleID=1476                 (access date 30 August 2001)."},{"key":"atypb52","volume-title":"The EU Data Protection Directive and its Effects on e-Commerce: the Transfer of Personal Data to Third Countries","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb53","unstructured":"[53] Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act;                 http:\/\/laws.justice.gc.ca\/en\/P-8.6\/79803.html (access date 31 August 2001)"},{"key":"atypb54","unstructured":"[54] The Personal Information Protection and Electronic Document Act;                 www.parl.gc.ca\/36\/2\/parlbus\/chambus\/house\/bills\/government\/C-6\/C-6_4\/C-6TOCE.html                 (access date 30 August 2001)."},{"key":"atypb55","unstructured":"[55] Electronic Commerce in Canada,                 http:\/\/e-com.ic.gc.ca\/english\/privacy\/part-1.html (access date 29 August 2001)."},{"key":"atypb56","volume-title":"Butterworths Information Technology Law Handbook","author":"J. Phillips","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb57","unstructured":"[57] Privacy International;                 www.privacyinternational.org\/survey\/phr2000\/overview.html%23Heading2                 (access date 24 August 2001)."},{"issue":"8","key":"atypb58","first-page":"4","volume":"3","author":"C. Riefa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Electronic Business Law"},{"key":"atypb59","volume-title":"The Ordinance","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb60","unstructured":"[60] Office of the Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data;                 www.pco.org.hk\/english\/ordinance\/ordglance.html (access date 24 August 2001)."},{"key":"atypb61","unstructured":"[61] The Privacy Act and Amending Legislation; www.knowledge-basket.co.nz\/privacy\/legislation\/1993028\/toc.html"},{"key":"atypb62","unstructured":"[62] www.privacy.org.nz\/media\/nzic.html"},{"key":"atypb63","unstructured":"[63] New Zealand Ministry of Economic Development; www.med.govt.nz\/irdev\/elcom\/ecommerce\/ecomm.html"},{"key":"atypb64","unstructured":"[64]                 http:\/\/europa.eu.int\/comm\/internal_market\/en\/dataprot\/wpdocs\/wp46en.pdf                 (access date 22 August 2001)."},{"key":"atypb65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13600860220136084"},{"key":"atypb66","unstructured":"[66] Children\u2019s Online Privacy Protection Act 1998;                 www.access.gpo.gov\/nara\/cfr\/waisidx_00\/16cfr312_00.html (access date 24                 August 2001); www.ftc.gov\/ogc\/coppa1.htm (access date 24 August 2001)."},{"key":"atypb67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/09685220210424140"}],"container-title":["Journal of Information Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/016555150202800603","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/016555150202800603","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T17:25:55Z","timestamp":1741022755000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/016555150202800603"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/016555150202800603"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/016555150202800603","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-5515","1741-6485"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-5515","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-6485","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]}}}