{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:26:40Z","timestamp":1777854400974,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,1]],"date-time":"2005-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1128124800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Information Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this article, we analyze the notion of privacy - how it is conceptualized and implemented as a constitutive element of identity - in two different cultures: Hong Kong, a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the People\u2019s Republic of China (PRC), and Ontario, Canada. By examining the two jurisdictions of Hong Kong and Ontario, we argue that, in addition to institutional structures, differing cultural notions of privacy affect the acceptance of new information and communication technologies (ICTs). For our comparison, we focus on one potentially privacy-invasive technology, smart cards, and discuss the factors that contribute to their adoption and use in the two regions selected, including one\u2019s conceptualization of digital identity and privacy, and the role of consultation and public debate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551505055400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,16]],"date-time":"2005-08-16T11:08:32Z","timestamp":1124190512000},"page":"354-364","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["How much is too little? Privacy and smart cards in Hong Kong and Ontario"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Stuart G. M.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Program: Faculty of Information Studies\/Knowledge Media                         Design Institute, University of Toronto, Canada"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Caidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Studies, University of Toronto, Canada,"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","first-page":"149","volume":"26","author":"R. Wacks","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hong Kong Law Journal"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1321160"},{"issue":"1","key":"atypb3","first-page":"177","volume":"30","author":"R. Wacks","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hong Kong Law Journal"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Identity Theft Focus of National Consumer Week","author":"Federal Trade Commission","year":"2005"},{"key":"atypb5","volume-title":"Privacy Impact Assessment Guidelines","author":"Management Board Secretariat, Government of Ontario","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"Privacy and Freedom","author":"A. Westin","year":"1967"},{"key":"atypb7","first-page":"06","author":"T. Boyle","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Toronto Star"},{"key":"atypb8","first-page":"2","author":"F. Chan","year":"2000","journal-title":"South China Morning Post (Hong Kong)"},{"issue":"2","key":"atypb9","first-page":"518","volume":"4","author":"R.C.Y. Chung","year":"2003","journal-title":"Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal"},{"key":"atypb10","first-page":"14","author":"Q. Chan","year":"2000","journal-title":"South China Morning Post (Hong Kong)"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jcfs.31.1.1"},{"key":"atypb12","volume-title":"Zhongguo Wenhua Yaoyi [The Essence of Chinese Culture]","author":"S. Liang","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb13","first-page":"56","author":"Y. Jin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ming Pao Monthly"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0038038595029004008"},{"key":"atypb15","author":"Visa Research","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Asian Banker Journal"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intcom.2003.11.004"},{"key":"atypb17","volume-title":"Smart ID","author":"Government of Hong Kong S.A.R.","year":"2004"},{"key":"atypb18","first-page":"1","author":"C. Ong","year":"2003","journal-title":"South China Morning Post (Hong Kong) Technology Post"},{"key":"atypb19","unstructured":"F. Stalder,\n                      Making Money: Notes on Technology as Environment\n                      (PhD                 Thesis, Faculty of Information Studies, University of Toronto, 2001)."},{"issue":"2","key":"atypb20","first-page":"119","volume":"22","author":"L. Austin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Law and Philosophy"},{"key":"atypb21","volume-title":"Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data","author":"OECD","year":"1980"},{"key":"atypb22","volume":"281","author":"European Commission","year":"1995","journal-title":"Official Journal of the European Communities: Legislation"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264196391-en"},{"key":"atypb24","volume-title":"The Ordinance at a glance","author":"Office of the Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data, Hong Kong","year":"2004"},{"key":"atypb25","first-page":"14","author":"M. Loh Ho-sang","year":"1995","journal-title":"South China Morning Post (Hong Kong)"},{"key":"atypb26","first-page":"5","author":"S. Abrahams","year":"1999","journal-title":"South China Morning Post (Hong Kong)"},{"key":"atypb27","unstructured":"Octopus Card website. Available at:                 www.octopuscards.com\/eng\/index.jsp (accessed 28 August 2004)."},{"key":"atypb28","first-page":"3","author":"P. Leung","year":"2000","journal-title":"South China Morning Post (Hong Kong) Business Post"},{"key":"atypb29","volume-title":"E-Mob Research Conference, Center for Telecom Management, Davidson Conference Center","author":"J. Ure"},{"key":"atypb30","author":"S. Craig","year":"1998","journal-title":"Globe and Mail"},{"key":"atypb31","first-page":"23","author":"K. Sinclair","year":"1997","journal-title":"South China Morning Post (Hong Kong)"},{"key":"atypb32","unstructured":"Overwhelming response to Mastercard\u2019s Mondex smart cards in Hong Kong                 , Malaysia Economic News (17 February 1998)."},{"key":"atypb33","unstructured":"Smart health cards: HIPAA and beyond                 , Smart Card Talk 9(8) (2004). Available at:                 www.smartcardalliance.org\/newsletter\/august_04\/feature_0804.html                 (accessed 24 August 2004)."},{"key":"atypb34","author":"C. Yau","year":"2002","journal-title":"South China Morning Post"},{"key":"atypb35","unstructured":"G. Greenleaf,\n                      Summary submission concerning the                     \u201cSmart\u201d ID card and the Registration of Persons (Amendment)                     Bill, LegCo Paper No. CB(2) 2620\/01-02(01)\n                      (2002). Available at:                 www.legco.gov.hk\/yr01-02\/english\/bc\/bc56\/papers\/bc561011-2620-1e-scan.pdf                 (accessed 5 July 2004)."},{"key":"atypb36","first-page":"A04","author":"T. Hamilton","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Toronto Star"},{"key":"atypb37","unstructured":"K. Boa,\n                      Smart Card, Weak Effort? Consultation in the Ontario Smart Card                 Project\n                      (MISt thesis, Faculty of Information Studies, University of Toronto, 2003)."},{"key":"atypb38","volume-title":"Citizens as Partners: Information, Consultation and Public Participation in Policy-making","author":"OECD","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb39","volume-title":"Open Letter to David H. Tsubouchi, Chair of Management Board Secretariat","author":"A. Cavoukian","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb40","volume-title":"Chip-based ID: Promise and Peril","author":"R. Clarke","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb41","first-page":"D03","author":"T. Hamilton","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Hamilton Spectator"},{"issue":"1","key":"atypb42","first-page":"88","volume":"55","author":"G. Cheeseman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Internal Affairs"},{"key":"atypb43","first-page":"A17","author":"A. Clement","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Toronto Star"},{"key":"atypb44","volume-title":"A National Identity Card for Canada? Report of the Standing Committee on Citizenship and Immigration, Interim report October 2003","author":"House of Commons Standing Committee","year":"2004"},{"key":"atypb45","author":"J. Bronskill","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Toronto Star"},{"key":"atypb46","author":"J. Bronskill","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Toronto Star"}],"container-title":["Journal of Information Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0165551505055400","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0165551505055400","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:07:01Z","timestamp":1777504021000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0165551505055400"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0165551505055400"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0165551505055400","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-5515","1741-6485"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-5515","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-6485","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]}}}