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First a review of the emerging discipline of geographic information retrieval (GIR) is presented as background to the more specific issue of mobile information retrieval. Following this, a user needs study is described evaluating the requirements of potential users of a mobile information system; the study finds that there is a strong geographic component to users' information needs. Next, four geographic post-query filters are described which attempt to represent the region of space associated with an individual's query made at some specific spatial location. These filters are spatial proximity (distance in space), temporal proximity (travel time), speed-heading prediction surfaces (likelihood of visiting locations) and visibility (locations that can be seen). Two of these filters \u2014 spatial proximity and speed-heading prediction surfaces \u2014 are implemented in a mobile information system and subsequently evaluated with users in an outdoor setting. The results of evaluation suggest that retrieved information to which post-query geographic filters have been applied is considered more relevant than unfiltered information, and that users find information sorted by spatial proximity to be more relevant than that sorted by a prediction surface of likely future locations. The paper closes with a discussion of the wider implications of these results for developers of mobile information systems and location-based services.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551506075333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,11]],"date-time":"2007-04-11T04:04:08Z","timestamp":1176264248000},"page":"515-530","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Geographic information retrieval in a mobile environment: evaluating the needs of mobile individuals"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Mountain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"City University, London, UK,"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"MacFarlane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City University, London, UK"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1353\/aq.1999.0005","volume":"51","author":"F. 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