{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:27:34Z","timestamp":1777854454709,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,6]],"date-time":"2012-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1338940800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Information Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the widespread use of the internet, there are large amounts of information and documents available in several languages. The Arabic language is one of the available important languages in terms of its usage and structure. Search engines like Google and Yahoo support searching in Arabic, yet fail to get good results when slang terms are used in the query. There are difficulties associated with the Arabic language. The main goal of this research is to refine Arabic text-based searching by using Arabic slang terms in queries. This research proposed a framework to enable users to use their slang language in order to retrieve the relevant documents that have been posted in both forms \u2013 slang and classical. The framework is designed and implemented based on a context-free grammar that is used to map the user\u2019s slang queries to the equivalent classical ones. On a classical dataset,\u2009results showed\u2009a 3% improvement on the average values of precision, recall, and F-measure achieved using classical-based queries rather than slang-based ones. Using slang-based queries gives 13% improvement on the average values of the used measures on a slang dataset and 7% improvement on the average values of the used measures on a hybrid dataset.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551512442480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,6]],"date-time":"2012-06-06T22:21:32Z","timestamp":1339021292000},"page":"350-365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A framework for retrieving Arabic documents based on queries written in Arabic slang language"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Mohammed Q.","family":"Shatnawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muneer Bani","family":"Yassein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reem","family":"Mahafza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0165551512442480","unstructured":"Ghoneim M. Arabic Information Retrieval Systems: Aspects of ambiguity and the potential solutions, [electronic study], Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 2008. http:\/\/www.kfnl.gov.sa\/idarat\/alnsher%20el\/nothom\/PubMain.htm [Accessed November 2010]."},{"key":"bibr2-0165551512442480","volume-title":"11th International conference on Asia-Pacific digital libraries (ICADL 2008)","author":"Ali M"},{"key":"bibr3-0165551512442480","unstructured":"Rogerson E. An evaluation of existing light stemming algorithms for Arabic keyword searches. Master Thesis. The University of North Carolina; 2008."},{"key":"bibr4-0165551512442480","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of Information and communication technologies: From theory to applications ICTTA","author":"Sanan M"},{"key":"bibr5-0165551512442480","unstructured":"Benajiba Y, Rosso P. Arabic question answering [Diploma], Technical University of Valencia. Valencia, Spain. September, 2007."},{"key":"bibr6-0165551512442480","unstructured":"Al-Alaya\u2019a Z. The Arabic language, the root of all languages. Yemen Observer; 2005 Sep 10. http:\/\/www.mafhoum.com\/press8\/249C34.htm [Accessed July, 2011]."},{"key":"bibr7-0165551512442480","unstructured":"Nwesri A. Effective retrieval techniques for Arabic text. PhD Thesis, School of Computer Science and Information Technology, RMIT University; May 2008."},{"key":"bibr8-0165551512442480","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Second international conference on Arabic language resources and tools","author":"Al-Hajjar A"},{"key":"bibr9-0165551512442480","first-page":"28.1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International conference on information technology to celebrate S. Charmonman\u2019s 72nd birthday","author":"Al-Shalabi R"},{"key":"bibr10-0165551512442480","first-page":"331","volume-title":"Proceedings of the international multiconference on computer science and information technology (IMCSIT)","author":"Ahmed F"},{"key":"bibr11-0165551512442480","volume-title":"Information storage and retrieval systems: Theory and implementation","author":"Kowalski J","year":"2000","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr12-0165551512442480","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/itj.2005.38.43"},{"key":"bibr13-0165551512442480","volume-title":"International Arab conference on information technology (ACIT)","author":"Goweder A"},{"key":"bibr14-0165551512442480","unstructured":"Abdou D. Linguistic errors in the Arab media, Arabic Language Academy, release date of May 2003, http:\/\/www.majma.org.jo\/majma\/index.php\/2009-02-10-09-35-28\/251-21-3.html [Accessed October 2010]."},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr15-0165551512442480","volume":"24","author":"Yghan MA","year":"2008","journal-title":"MIT, Design Issues"},{"key":"bibr16-0165551512442480","unstructured":"Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia, Arabic language, Released May 2010 http:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9 [Accessed October, 2011]."},{"key":"bibr17-0165551512442480","first-page":"269","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 25th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on research and development in information retrieval","author":"Jinxi X"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr18-0165551512442480","first-page":"39","volume":"8","author":"Al-Gaphari G","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Science and Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr19-0165551512442480","first-page":"397","volume":"12","author":"Al-Saidat M","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Journal of Social Sciences"},{"key":"bibr20-0165551512442480","unstructured":"Davis E. The paper: the definite article in American English slang [online] [Accessed 2010, Jul]. Available: http:\/\/www.cs.cmu.edu\/~dhdavis\/\u2019The\u2019%20Paper.pdf"},{"key":"bibr21-0165551512442480","volume-title":"Dictionary of slang drug terms","author":"Johnson J","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr22-0165551512442480","first-page":"290","volume-title":"Proceedings of conference of the Pacific Association for computational linguistics (Pacling 2009)","author":"Fujii A"},{"key":"bibr23-0165551512442480","volume-title":"Proceedings of sixth international conference on conceptions of library and information science (CoLIS)","author":"Al-Maskari A"},{"key":"bibr24-0165551512442480","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Workshop on computational modeling of lexical acquisition","author":"Abdelali A"},{"key":"bibr25-0165551512442480","volume-title":"Proceedings of EMCIS2010","author":"Khafajeh H"},{"key":"bibr26-0165551512442480","volume-title":"Proceedings of Applications of social network analysis (ASNA)","author":"Kirchhoff L"},{"key":"bibr27-0165551512442480","first-page":"70","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 40th Hawaii international conference on system sciences","author":"Zhou Y"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr28-0165551512442480","first-page":"61","volume":"1","author":"Al-Rashdan B","year":"2008","journal-title":"Jordan Journal of Modern Languages and Literature"},{"key":"bibr29-0165551512442480","volume-title":"Proceedings of the American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) Annual Symposium","author":"Crain SP"},{"key":"bibr30-0165551512442480","unstructured":"Quiam F. Expanding the Grammar of Equivalence Rules (GER) for mathematical search. Master Thesis, Jordan University of Science and Technology; May 2009."},{"key":"bibr31-0165551512442480","volume-title":"Almojaz in Arabic grammar","author":"Al-afghani S","year":"1971"},{"key":"bibr32-0165551512442480","volume-title":"Series-Hussein Maxos: Comparative Studies 1995\u20132002","author":"Maxos H"},{"key":"bibr33-0165551512442480","unstructured":"Asowayan SA. Nabati poetry: the taste of the people and authority of Scripture, 2000, http:\/\/www.saadsowayan.com\/Publications\/Ar_Book3\/C03.html#1 [Accessed October, 2010]."},{"key":"bibr34-0165551512442480","unstructured":"Kharboush T. 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