{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T05:42:32Z","timestamp":1741066952688,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,28]],"date-time":"2012-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1354060800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Information Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The culture of online sharing of information on the Internet extends to unauthorized sharing of copyright content, and is perceived as a major threat to copyright owners and content industries. Enforcement of existing copyright laws is difficult owing to the widespread nature of unauthorized sharing. Rights holders have pursued individuals and organizations involved through existing legal channels, with limited success. They have also engaged in voluntary arrangements with Internet Service Providers to educate and, potentially, punish infringers. Governments have more recently become involved in developing new legislation with similar aims. The approaches to addressing the issue have been controversial, mainly because of lack of transparency in their development and concerns about their potential impact on the rights of individuals. The approaches to addressing online copyright infringement are described. The nature of the policy-making process and its impact on how legal measures are perceived are analysed. The potential impact of measures on the rights of subscribers is discussed. A key conclusion is that new measures to combat unauthorized file sharing need not, in principle, adversely affect the balance between rights, but the design and implementation of legal measures do raise concerns in terms of necessity and proportionality. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551512463992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,30]],"date-time":"2012-11-30T01:25:48Z","timestamp":1354238748000},"page":"256-269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Online copyright enforcement by Internet Service Providers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Adrienne","family":"Muir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Science, Loughborough University, UK"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0165551512463992","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5325\/jinfopoli.2.2012.0107"},{"key":"bibr2-0165551512463992","first-page":"176","volume":"16","author":"Smith D","year":"2010","journal-title":"Computer and Telecommunications Law Review"},{"key":"bibr3-0165551512463992","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peva.2011.07.016"},{"key":"bibr4-0165551512463992","unstructured":"Corporate Records, http:\/\/corporaterecords.co.uk\/whycorporate"},{"key":"bibr5-0165551512463992","unstructured":"Hargreaves I. 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Next Steps for Implementation of the Digital Economy Act. DCMS, 2011, http:\/\/www.culture.gov.uk\/images\/publications\/Next-steps-for-implementation-of-the-Digital-Economy-Act.pdf (2011, accessed March 2012)."},{"key":"bibr48-0165551512463992","unstructured":"Digital Economy Act 2010, ch. 24, s. 17."},{"key":"bibr49-0165551512463992","unstructured":"Digital Economy Act 2010, ch. 24, s. 17(5)."},{"key":"bibr50-0165551512463992","unstructured":"Ofcom. Site blocking to Reduce Online Copyright Infringement: A Review of Sections 17 and 18 of the Digital Economy Act, http:\/\/www.culture.gov.uk\/images\/publications\/Ofcom_Site-Blocking-_report_with_redactions_vs2.pdf (2011, accessed March 2012)."},{"key":"bibr51-0165551512463992","unstructured":"Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation & Ors v British Telecommunications Plc [2011] EWHC 2714 (Ch) (26 October 2011)."},{"key":"bibr52-0165551512463992","unstructured":"Dramatico Entertainment Ltd v British Sky Broadcasting Ltd [2012] EWHC 26 (CH) and [2012] EWHC 1152 (CH)."},{"key":"bibr53-0165551512463992","unstructured":"Spain\u2019s Anti-piracy Law may Already be Obsolete, http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/2012\/03\/26\/net-us-spain-piracy-idUSBRE82P0JV20120326 (2011, accessed March 2012)."},{"key":"bibr54-0165551512463992","unstructured":"Preventing Real Online Threats to Economic Creativity and Theft of Intellectual Property Act of 2011, s. 968."},{"key":"bibr55-0165551512463992","unstructured":"Stop Online Piracy Act H.R. 2361."},{"key":"bibr56-0165551512463992","unstructured":"Department for Culture, Media and Sport. The Government\u2019s response to \u2018A Future For British Film: It Begins with the Audience \u2026\u2019. CM8355, http:\/\/www.official-documents.gov.uk\/document\/cm83\/8355\/8355.pdf (2012, accessed May 2012)."},{"key":"bibr57-0165551512463992","unstructured":"Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement, http:\/\/www.international.gc.ca\/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux\/assets\/pdfs\/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf (2011, accessed May 2012)."},{"key":"bibr58-0165551512463992","unstructured":"European Data Protection Superviser. Opinion of the European Data Protection Supervisor on the Proposal for a Council Decision on the Conclusion of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, Australia, Canada, Japan, the Republic of Korea, the United Mexican States, the Kingdom of Morocco, New Zealand, the Republic of Singapore, the Swiss Confederation and the United States of America, www.edps.europa.eu\/\u2026\/site\/\u2026\/Opinions\/\u2026\/12-04-24_ACTA_EN.pdf (2012, accessed May 2012)."},{"key":"bibr59-0165551512463992","unstructured":"Korff D, Brown I. Opinion on the compatibility of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) with the European Convention on Human Rights & the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, http:\/\/rfc.act-on-acta.eu\/fundamental-rights (2011, accessed August 2012)."},{"key":"bibr60-0165551512463992","unstructured":"European Parliament Legislative Resolution of 4 July 2012 on the Draft Council Decision on the Conclusion of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, Australia, Canada, Japan, the Republic of Korea, the United Mexican States, the Kingdom of Morocco, New Zealand, the Republic of Singapore, the Swiss Confederation and the United States of America (12195\/2011 \u2013 C7-0027\/2012 \u2013 2011\/0167(NLE)), http:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/sides\/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P7-TA-2012-0287&language=EN&ring=A7-2012-0204 (2012, accessed August 2012)."},{"key":"bibr61-0165551512463992","unstructured":"Most recently R. (on the application of British Telecommunications Plc) v Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills Court of Appeal (Civil Division) [2012] EWCA Civ 232."},{"key":"bibr62-0165551512463992","unstructured":"D\u00e9cision no. 2009-580 DC du 10 juin 2009 Loi favorisant la diffusion et la protection de la cr\u00e9ation sur internet, http:\/\/www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr\/conseil-constitutionnel\/francais\/les-decisions\/2009\/decisions-par-date\/2009\/2009-580-dc\/decision-n-2009-580-dc-du-10-juin-2009.42666.html (2009, accessed August 2012)."},{"journal-title":"The Nouvel Observateur","year":"2012","author":"Manenti B.","key":"bibr63-0165551512463992"},{"key":"bibr64-0165551512463992","unstructured":"Working Group on Internet Governance. Report from the Working Group on Internet, http:\/\/www.itu.int\/wsis\/docs2\/pc3\/html\/off5\/index.html (2005, accessed May 2012)."},{"key":"bibr65-0165551512463992","unstructured":"World Summit on the Information Society. Declaration of Principles, http:\/\/www.itu.int\/wsis\/docs\/geneva\/official\/dop.html (2003, accessed May 2012)."},{"key":"bibr66-0165551512463992","unstructured":"United Nations. What is Good Governance? http:\/\/www.unescap.org\/pdd\/prs\/ProjectActivities\/Ongoing\/gg\/governance.asp (2012, accessed May 2012)."},{"journal-title":"Internet Society Board of Trustees Expresses Concern over Online Copyright Enforcement Strategies","year":"2012","author":"Internet Society","key":"bibr67-0165551512463992"},{"key":"bibr68-0165551512463992","unstructured":"Universal Declaration of Human Rights, http:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/documents\/udhr\/ (accessed May 2012)."},{"key":"bibr69-0165551512463992","unstructured":"European Convention on Human Rights."},{"key":"bibr70-0165551512463992","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2011.05.004"},{"key":"bibr71-0165551512463992","unstructured":"The Article 29 Working Party Opinion 4\/2007 on the Concept of Personal Data 01248\/07\/EN WP 136."},{"key":"bibr72-0165551512463992","unstructured":"Directive 95\/46 On the Protection of Individuals with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of Such Data. 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Only the largest, fixed network operators will initially qualify as ISPs, although the Act permits the inclusion of all ISPs within its remit. Owing to the lack of precision in the drafting of the Act, providers of freely accessible Wifi connections may qualify as subscribers, and if so, will have to find ways to prevent the connections being used for infringements and require some sort of registration to identify third party infringers."},{"key":"bibr89-0165551512463992","unstructured":"European Commission. 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