{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:27:59Z","timestamp":1777854479533,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,20]],"date-time":"2013-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1387497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Information Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Hierarchical text classification of a Web taxonomy is challenging because it is a very large-scale problem with hundreds of thousands of categories and associated documents. Furthermore, the conceptual levels and training data availabilities of categories vary widely. The narrow-down approach is the state of the art; it utilizes a search engine for generating candidates from the taxonomy and builds a classifier for the final category selection. In this paper, we take the same approach but address the issue of using global information in a language modelling framework to improve effectiveness. We propose three methods of using non-local information for the task: a passive way of utilizing global information for smoothing; an aggressive way where a top-level classifier is built and integrated with a local model; and a method of using label terms associated with the path from a category to the root, which is based on our systematic observation that they are underrepresented in the documents. For evaluation, we constructed a document collection from Web pages in the Open Directory Project. A series of experiments and their results show the superiority of our methods and reveal the role of global information in hierarchical text classification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551513507415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,20]],"date-time":"2013-12-20T21:53:41Z","timestamp":1387576421000},"page":"127-145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Utilizing global and path information with language modelling for hierarchical text classification"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Heung-Seon","family":"Oh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, KAIST, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sung-Hyon","family":"Myaeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Division of Web Science and Technology, KAIST, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0165551513507415","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1277741.1277837"},{"key":"bibr2-0165551513507415","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1526709.1526778"},{"key":"bibr3-0165551513507415","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1076034.1076120"},{"key":"bibr4-0165551513507415","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2063576.2063768"},{"key":"bibr5-0165551513507415","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1341531.1341564"},{"key":"bibr6-0165551513507415","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1277741.1277783"},{"key":"bibr7-0165551513507415","first-page":"359","volume-title":"Proceedings of the fifteenth international conference on machine learning","author":"McCallum A","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr8-0165551513507415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai L, Hofmann T. Hierarchical document categorization with support vector machines. In: Proceedings of the thirteenth ACM conference on information and knowledge management \u2013 CIKM \u201904, 2004, pp. 78\u201387.","DOI":"10.1145\/1031171.1031186"},{"key":"bibr9-0165551513507415","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/505282.505283"},{"key":"bibr10-0165551513507415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM.2001.989560","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE international conference on data mining","author":"Sun A","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr11-0165551513507415","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1571941.1571946"},{"key":"bibr12-0165551513507415","unstructured":"Malik H. Improving hierarchical SVMs by hierarchy flattening and lazy classification. In: Large-scale hierarchical classification workshop (ECIR 2010), 2010."},{"key":"bibr13-0165551513507415","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1089815.1089821"},{"key":"bibr14-0165551513507415","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1390334.1390440"},{"key":"bibr15-0165551513507415","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10618-010-0175-9"},{"key":"bibr16-0165551513507415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh H-S, Choi Y, Myaeng S-H. Text classification for a large-scale taxonomy using dynamically mixed local and global models for a node. In: Proceedings of the 33rd European conference on advances in information retrieval, 2011, pp. 7\u201318.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-20161-5_4"},{"key":"bibr17-0165551513507415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh H-S, Choi Y, Myaeng S-H. Combining global and local information for enhanced deep classification. In: Proceedings of the 2010 ACM symposium on applied computing, 2010, pp. 1760\u20131767.","DOI":"10.1145\/1774088.1774463"},{"key":"bibr18-0165551513507415","unstructured":"Koller D, Sahami M. Hierarchically classifying documents using very few words. In: Proceedings of the 4th international conference on machine learning, 1997, pp. 170\u2013178."},{"key":"bibr19-0165551513507415","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-2099-5_24"},{"key":"bibr20-0165551513507415","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/290941.291008"},{"key":"bibr21-0165551513507415","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/383952.383970"},{"key":"bibr22-0165551513507415","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1076034.1076087"},{"key":"bibr23-0165551513507415","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/383952.384019"},{"key":"bibr24-0165551513507415","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1008992.1009027"},{"key":"bibr25-0165551513507415","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1008992.1009026"},{"key":"bibr26-0165551513507415","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1220835.1220887"},{"key":"bibr27-0165551513507415","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1099554.1099725"},{"key":"bibr28-0165551513507415","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-71496-5_8"},{"key":"bibr29-0165551513507415","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:INRT.0000011209.19643.e2"},{"key":"bibr30-0165551513507415","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-36618-0_24"},{"key":"bibr31-0165551513507415","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2011.02.114"},{"key":"bibr32-0165551513507415","unstructured":"Brants T, Popat AC, Xu P, Och FJ, Dean J, Inc G. Large language models in machine translation. In: Proceedings of the conference on empirical methods in natural language processing, 2007, pp. 858\u2013867."}],"container-title":["Journal of Information Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0165551513507415","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0165551513507415","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0165551513507415","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:08:50Z","timestamp":1777504130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0165551513507415"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,20]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0165551513507415"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0165551513507415","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-5515","1741-6485"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-5515","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-6485","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,20]]}}}