{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T15:19:26Z","timestamp":1772032766458,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,10]],"date-time":"2015-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1423526400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Information Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The aims of XML data conversion to ontologies are the indexing, integration and enrichment of existing ontologies with knowledge acquired from these sources. The contribution of this paper consists in providing a classification of the approaches used for the conversion of XML documents into OWL ontologies. This classification underlines the usage profile of each conversion method, providing a clear description of the advantages and drawbacks belonging to each method. Hence, this paper focuses on two main processes, which are ontology enrichment and ontology population using XML data. Ontology enrichment is related to the schema of the ontology (TBox), and ontology population is related to an individual (Abox). In addition, the ontologies described in these methods are based on formal languages of the Semantic Web such as OWL (Ontology Web Language) or RDF (Resource Description Framework). These languages are formal because the semantics are formally defined and take advantage of the Description Logics. In contrast, XML data sources are without formal semantics. The XML language is used to store, export and share data between processes able to process the specific data structure. However, even if the semantics is not explicitly expressed, data structure contains the universe of discourse by using a qualified vocabulary regarding a consensual agreement. In order to formalize this semantics, the OWL language provides rich logical constraints. Therefore, these logical constraints are evolved in the transformation of XML documents into OWL documents, allowing the enrichment and the population of the target ontology. To design such a transformation, the current research field establishes connections between OWL constructs (classes, predicates, simple or complex data types, etc.) and XML constructs (elements, attributes, element lists, etc.). Two different approaches for the transformation process are exposed. The instance approaches are based on XML documents without any schema associated. The validation approaches are based on the XML schema and document validated by the associated schema. The second approaches benefit from the schema definition to provide automated transformations with logic constraints. Both approaches are discussed in the text. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551514565972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,11]],"date-time":"2015-02-11T03:49:08Z","timestamp":1423626548000},"page":"242-259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Transforming XML documents to OWL ontologies: A survey"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Mokhtaria","family":"Hacherouf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Science et de Technologie d\u2019Oran, Facult\u00e9 des math\u00e9matiques et informatique. Laboratoire LSSD, BP 1505, EL-M\u2019Naouer, 31000 Oran, Algeria"}]},{"given":"Safia Nait","family":"Bahloul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Oran1, Ahmed Ben Bella, Laboratoire LITIO, BP 1524, El-M\u2019Naouer, 31000 Oran, Algeria"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Bourgogne, Laboratoire LE2I, UMR CNRS 6306, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon CEDEX, France"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0165551514565972","first-page":"17","volume-title":"International VLDB workshop on ontology-based techniques for databases in information systems and knowledge systems, ODBIS","author":"Cruz C","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr2-0165551514565972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2008.05.001"},{"key":"bibr3-0165551514565972","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manning CD, Raghavan P, Sch\u00fctze H. Introduction to information retrieval. Word Processors & Editors Software, http:\/\/www-nlp.stanford.edu\/IR-book\/ (2008, accessed December 2013).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511809071"},{"key":"bibr4-0165551514565972","unstructured":"Bray T, Paoli J, Sperberg-McQueen CM, Maler E, Yergeau F. Extensible Markup Language (XML), http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-xml\/ (2008, accessed November 2013)."},{"key":"bibr5-0165551514565972","unstructured":"Clark J. XSL transformations (XSLT) version 1.0, http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/xslt (1999, accessed November 2013)."},{"key":"bibr6-0165551514565972","unstructured":"Clark J. XML Path language (XPath) version 1.0, http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/xpath\/ (1999, accessed November 2013)."},{"key":"bibr7-0165551514565972","unstructured":"Klyne G, Carroll JJ, McBride B. RDF 1.1 concepts and abstract syntax, http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/2014\/REC-rdf11-concepts-20140225\/ (2004, accessed November 2013)."},{"key":"bibr8-0165551514565972","unstructured":"Smith M, Welty C, McGuinness D. OWL web ontology language guide, 10 February 2004, http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/owl-guide\/"},{"key":"bibr9-0165551514565972","unstructured":"Hitzler P, Kr\u00f6tzsch M, Parsia P, Patel-Schneider PF, Rudolph S. OWL 2 Web ontology language primer, http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/owl2-primer\/ (2012, accessed November 2013)."},{"key":"bibr10-0165551514565972","first-page":"72","volume-title":"International conference on WWW\/Internet","author":"Rodrigues T","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr11-0165551514565972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1999676.1999681"},{"key":"bibr12-0165551514565972","first-page":"147","volume":"72","author":"Bohring H","year":"2005","journal-title":"Leipziger Informatik-Tage"},{"key":"bibr13-0165551514565972","first-page":"850","volume-title":"Knowledge and semantic web tools, on the move to meaningful internet systems","author":"Tsinaraki C","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr14-0165551514565972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DEXA.2009.68"},{"key":"bibr15-0165551514565972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSC.2011.77"},{"key":"bibr16-0165551514565972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1953355.1953376"},{"key":"bibr17-0165551514565972","first-page":"77","volume":"9","author":"Yahia N","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Science Issues"},{"key":"bibr18-0165551514565972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-27834-4_44"},{"key":"bibr19-0165551514565972","first-page":"125","volume-title":"International conference on interaction sciences: Information technology, culture and human","author":"Pham TTT","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr20-0165551514565972","first-page":"76","author":"Stavrakantonakis I","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of SMAP"},{"key":"bibr21-0165551514565972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3166\/tsi.28.199-228"}],"container-title":["Journal of Information Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0165551514565972","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0165551514565972","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0165551514565972","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,2]],"date-time":"2025-03-02T02:24:44Z","timestamp":1740882284000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0165551514565972"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,10]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0165551514565972"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0165551514565972","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-5515","1741-6485"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-5515","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-6485","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,10]]}}}