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Conversations on Twitter are now being explored as indicators within early warning systems to alert of imminent natural disasters such as earthquakes and aid prompt emergency responses to crime. Producers are privileged to have limitless access to market perception from consumer comments on social media and microblogs. Targeted advertising can be made more effective based on user profile information such as demography, interests and location. While these applications have proven beneficial, the ability to effectively infer the location of Twitter users has even more immense value. However, accurately identifying where a message originated from or an author\u2019s location remains a challenge, thus essentially driving research in that regard. In this paper, we survey a range of techniques applied to infer the location of Twitter users from inception to state of the art. We find significant improvements over time in the granularity levels and better accuracy with results driven by refinements to algorithms and inclusion of more spatial features.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551515602847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,20]],"date-time":"2015-11-20T05:32:39Z","timestamp":1447997559000},"page":"855-864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":110,"title":["A survey of location inference techniques on Twitter"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Oluwaseun","family":"Ajao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen\u2019s University Belfast, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen\u2019s University Belfast, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiru","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen\u2019s University Belfast, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0165551515602847","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2065023.2065039"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr2-0165551515602847","volume":"5","author":"Mahmud J","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (TIST)"},{"key":"bibr3-0165551515602847","first-page":"1524","volume-title":"Proceedings of the conference on empirical methods in natural language processing","author":"Ritter A","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr4-0165551515602847","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2505515.2505544"},{"key":"bibr5-0165551515602847","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1978976"},{"key":"bibr6-0165551515602847","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/2350229.2350273"},{"key":"bibr7-0165551515602847","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1814433.1814462"},{"key":"bibr8-0165551515602847","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2063576.2063995"},{"key":"bibr9-0165551515602847","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PASSAT\/SocialCom.2011.120"},{"key":"bibr10-0165551515602847","first-page":"111","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2012 international conference on advances in social networks analysis and mining (ASONAM 2012)","author":"Chang H","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr11-0165551515602847","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1871437.1871535"},{"key":"bibr12-0165551515602847","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SocialCom.2010.30"},{"key":"bibr13-0165551515602847","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1772690.1772698"},{"key":"bibr14-0165551515602847","volume-title":"AGILE\u2019 2012: 15th international conference on geographic information science","author":"Bouillot F","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr15-0165551515602847","author":"Jurgens D","year":"2013","journal-title":"ICWSM"},{"key":"bibr16-0165551515602847","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2600428.2609582"},{"key":"bibr17-0165551515602847","author":"Schulz A","year":"2013","journal-title":"ICWSM"},{"key":"bibr18-0165551515602847","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2187980.2188181"},{"key":"bibr19-0165551515602847","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2487788.2488108"},{"key":"bibr20-0165551515602847","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2339530.2339692"},{"key":"bibr21-0165551515602847","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2011.05.006"},{"key":"bibr22-0165551515602847","unstructured":"Gonzalez R, Cuevas R, Cuevas A, Guerrero C. 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