{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:28:47Z","timestamp":1777854527637,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]],"date-time":"2016-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462060800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Information Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The vehicle to represent Knowledge Organisation Systems (KOSs) in the environment of the Semantic Web and linked data is the Simple Knowledge Organisation System (SKOS). SKOS provides a way to assign a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) to each concept, and this URI functions as a surrogate for the concept. This fact makes of main concern the need to clarify the URIs\u2019 ontological meaning. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the ontological substance of KOS concepts and concepts revealed through the grammatical and syntactic formalisms of natural language. For this purpose, we examined the dividableness of concepts in specific KOSs (i.e. a thesaurus, a subject headings system and a classification scheme) by applying Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques (i.e. morphosyntactic analysis) to the lexical representations (i.e. RDF literals) of SKOS concepts. The results of the comparative analysis reveal that, despite the use of multi-word units, thesauri tend to represent concepts in a way that can hardly be further divided conceptually, while subject headings and classification schemes \u2013 to a certain extent \u2013 comprise terms that can be decomposed into more conceptual constituents. Consequently, SKOS concepts deriving from thesauri are more likely to represent atomic conceptual units and thus be more appropriate tools for inference and reasoning. Since identifiers represent the meaning of a concept, complex concepts are neither the most appropriate nor the most efficient way of modelling a KOS for the Semantic Web.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551516648108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,17]],"date-time":"2016-05-17T23:20:18Z","timestamp":1463527218000},"page":"492-508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["SKOS concepts and natural language concepts: An analysis of latent relationships in KOSs"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Mastora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ionian University, Faculty of Information Science & Informatics, Greece"}]},{"given":"Manolis","family":"Peponakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ionian University, Faculty of Information Science & Informatics, Greece"},{"name":"National Hellenic Research Foundation \/ National Documentation Centre, Greece"}]},{"given":"Sarantos","family":"Kapidakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ionian University, Faculty of Information Science & Informatics, Greece"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0165551516648108","volume-title":"A Semantic Web Primer","author":"Antoniou G","year":"2008","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr2-0165551516648108","unstructured":"W3C. SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System Reference, http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/skos-reference\/ (2009, accessed 1 March 2014)."},{"key":"bibr3-0165551516648108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2013.05.001"},{"key":"bibr4-0165551516648108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2011.11.007"},{"key":"bibr5-0165551516648108","unstructured":"Giunchiglia F, Dutta B, Maltese V. From Knowledge Organization to Knowledge Representation. Departmental Technical Report DISI-13-027, Trento: Universit\u00e0 di Trento, http:\/\/eprints.biblio.unitn.it\/4186\/ (2013, accessed 7 February 2015)."},{"key":"bibr6-0165551516648108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.22907"},{"key":"bibr7-0165551516648108","unstructured":"W3C. SKOS eXtension for Labels (SKOS-XL) Namespace Document - HTML Variant, http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/2009\/REC-skos-reference-20090818\/skos-xl.html (2009, accessed 16 October 2014)."},{"key":"bibr8-0165551516648108","unstructured":"W3C. SKOS Implementation Report, http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2006\/07\/SWD\/SKOS\/reference\/20090315\/implementation.html (19 May 2009, accessed 29 September 2015)."},{"key":"bibr9-0165551516648108","unstructured":"Hodge G. Systems of Knowledge Organization for Digital Libraries: Beyond Traditional Authority Files. Washington, DC: Council on Library and Information Resources, http:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/ED440657.pdf (2000, accessed 2 August 2015)."},{"key":"bibr10-0165551516648108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21082"},{"key":"bibr11-0165551516648108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1961209.1961211"},{"key":"bibr12-0165551516648108","first-page":"38","volume-title":"Paradigms and Conceptual Systems in Knowledge Organization: Proceedings of the Eleventh International ISKO Conference, 23-26 February 2010, Rome, Italy","author":"Hj\u00f8rland B","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr13-0165551516648108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551514545603"},{"key":"bibr14-0165551516648108","unstructured":"European Union, Publications Office. Eurovoc: the EU\u2019s multilingual thesaurus, http:\/\/eurovoc.europa.eu\/ (accessed 13 July 2015)."},{"key":"bibr15-0165551516648108","unstructured":"Library of Congress. Library of Congress Subject Headings: LC Linked Data Service, http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/authorities\/subjects.html (accessed 13 July 2015)."},{"key":"bibr16-0165551516648108","unstructured":"OCLC. Dewey Decimal Classification, https:\/\/www.oclc.org\/dewey\/webservices.en.html (accessed 13 July 2015)."},{"key":"bibr17-0165551516648108","volume-title":"ISO 25964-1: Information and documentation Thesauri and interoperability with other vocabularies Part 1: Thesauri for information retrieval","author":"ISO","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr18-0165551516648108","unstructured":"Harper CA. Encoding Library of Congress Subject Headings in SKOS: Authority control for the Semantic Web. In: Proceedings of the 2006 International Conference on Dublin Core and Metadata Applications. Manzanillo, Mexico: Dublin Core Metadata Initiative, http:\/\/dcpapers.dublincore.org\/pubs\/article\/view\/842 (2006, accessed 1 March 2014)."},{"key":"bibr19-0165551516648108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01639374.2013.845620"},{"key":"bibr20-0165551516648108","volume-title":"The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language","author":"Pinker S","year":"2007","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr21-0165551516648108","unstructured":"Ganbold A, Farazi F, Giunchiglia F. An experiment in managing language diversity across cultures. Departmental Technical Report DISI - 13 - 032, Trento: Universit\u00e0 di Trento, http:\/\/eprints.biblio.unitn.it\/4221\/ (4 October 2013, accessed 23 April 2014)."},{"key":"bibr22-0165551516648108","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Classification & ontology: formal approaches and access to knowledge: proceedings of the international UDC seminar 19-20 September 2011, The Hague, the Netherlands, organized by UDC Consortium, The Hague","author":"Kless D","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr23-0165551516648108","volume-title":"What is Meaning? Fundamentals of Formal Semantics","author":"Portner PH","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr24-0165551516648108","volume-title":"Foundations of statistical natural language processing","author":"Manning CD","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr25-0165551516648108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1602.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr26-0165551516648108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilks Y. Good and Bad Arguments About Semantic Primitives. In: Ahmad K, Brewster C, Stevenson M (eds) Words and Intelligence I. The Netherlands: Springer, 2007, pp. 103\u2013139, http:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/1-4020-5285-5_6 (accessed 29 March 2015).","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-5285-5_6"},{"key":"bibr27-0165551516648108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haspelmath M. Word Classes and Parts of Speech. In: Baltes NJSB (ed) International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. Oxford: Pergamon, 2005, pp. 16538\u201316545, http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B0080430767029594 (2001, accessed 29 March 2015).","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-08-043076-7\/02959-4"},{"key":"bibr28-0165551516648108","unstructured":"Helbig H. Knowledge Representation and the Semantics of Natural Language. Berlin: Springer, 2006, http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/3-540-29966-1 (accessed 28 April 2015)."},{"key":"bibr29-0165551516648108","volume-title":"The Grammar of Words: An Introduction to Linguistic Morphology","author":"Booij G","year":"2012","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr30-0165551516648108","volume-title":"The world atlas of language structures","author":"Haspelmath M","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr31-0165551516648108","unstructured":"Clark A, Fox C, Lappin S (eds) The Handbook of Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010, http:\/\/eu.wiley.com\/WileyCDA\/WileyTitle\/productCd-1405155817.html (accessed 3 May 2015)."},{"key":"bibr32-0165551516648108","unstructured":"Prokopidis P, Georgantopoulos B, Papageorgiou H. A suite of NLP tools for Greek. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of Greek Linguistics. Komotini, Greece, http:\/\/nlp.ilsp.gr\/nlp\/ICGL2011_Prokopidis_etal.pdf (2011)."},{"key":"bibr33-0165551516648108","volume-title":"Ell\u0113nik\u0113 orologia: ereuna kai epharmoges = Hellenic terminology: research and applications [written in Greek]","author":"Katsogiannu M","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr34-0165551516648108","unstructured":"Jain P, Hitzler P, Yeh PZ, Verma K, Sheth AP. Linked Data is merely more data. In: Brickley D, Chaudhri VK, Halpin H, McGuinness D (eds) Linked Data Meets Artificial Intelligence. Palo Alto, CA: AAAI Press, pp. 82\u201386, http:\/\/knoesis.wright.edu\/library\/publications\/linkedai2010_submission_13.pdf (2010)."},{"key":"bibr35-0165551516648108","unstructured":"Soergel D, Lauser B, Liang A, Fisseha F, Keizer J, Katz S. Reengineering Thesauri for New Applications: the AGROVOC Example. Journal of Digital Information 2004; 4: 112, https:\/\/journals.tdl.org\/jodi\/index.php\/jodi\/article\/view\/112 (2006, accessed 17 November 2014)."},{"key":"bibr36-0165551516648108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/AO-2012-0116"},{"key":"bibr37-0165551516648108","unstructured":"Binding C, Tudhope D. KOS at your Service: Programmatic Access to Knowledge Organisation Systems. Journal of Digital Information 2004; 4: 110, https:\/\/journals.tdl.org\/jodi\/index.php\/jodi\/article\/view\/110 (2004, accessed 30 September 2015)."},{"key":"bibr38-0165551516648108","volume-title":"The cognitive structure of scientific revolutions","author":"Andersen H","year":"2013","edition":"1"},{"key":"bibr39-0165551516648108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551514562704"},{"key":"bibr40-0165551516648108","unstructured":"Panzer M, Zeng ML. Modeling classification systems in SKOS: Some challenges and best-practice recommendations. 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