{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:27:50Z","timestamp":1777854470499,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,10]],"date-time":"2017-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1494374400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Information Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Individual\u2019s privacy, especially with regard to their personal data, is increasingly an area of concern as people interact with a wider and more pervasive set of digital services. Unfortunately, the terminology around personal data is used inconsistently, the concepts are unclear and there is a poor understanding of their relationships. This is a challenge to those who need to discuss personal data in precise terms, for example, legislators, academics and service providers who seek informed consent from their users. In this article, we present a lexicological analysis of the terms used to describe personal data, use this analysis to identify common concepts and propose a model of the digitally extended self that shows how these concepts of personal data fit together. We then validate the model against key publications and show in practice how it can be used to describe personal data in three scenarios. Our work shows that there is no clearly delineated kernel of personal data, but rather that there are layers of personal data, with different qualities, sources and claims of ownership, which extend out from the individual and form the digitally extended self.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551517706233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,10]],"date-time":"2017-05-10T06:44:26Z","timestamp":1494398666000},"page":"552-565","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The digitally extended self: A lexicological analysis of personal data"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Brian","family":"Parkinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Science, University of Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David E","family":"Millard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Science, University of Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kieron","family":"O\u2019Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Computer Sciences, University of Southampton, UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Science, University of Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Giordano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Science, University of Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-015-0191-0"},{"key":"bibr2-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa1465"},{"key":"bibr3-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/isj.12062"},{"key":"bibr4-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01972243.2012.709479"},{"key":"bibr5-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/idpl\/ipv009"},{"key":"bibr6-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-9713.2016.00909.x."},{"key":"bibr7-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcom.12130"},{"key":"bibr8-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1197\/jamia.M2273"},{"key":"bibr9-0165551517706233","first-page":"1880","volume":"126","author":"Solove DJ.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Harvard Law Rev"},{"key":"bibr10-0165551517706233","volume-title":"Privacy in context: technology, policy, and the integrity of social life","author":"Nissenbaum HF.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr11-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1284621.1284627"},{"key":"bibr12-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2011.616518"},{"key":"bibr13-0165551517706233","unstructured":"Polonetsky J, Tene O, Finch K. Shades of gray: seeing the full spectrum of practical data de-identification. Santa Clara Law Rev 2016, http:\/\/digitalcommons.law.scu.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2827&context=lawreview"},{"key":"bibr14-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551506070706"},{"key":"bibr15-0165551517706233","first-page":"5","volume":"4","author":"Batra S.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Manage"},{"key":"bibr16-0165551517706233","volume-title":"Born digital: understanding the first generation of digital natives","author":"Palfrey J","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr17-0165551517706233","volume-title":"Writing for academic success","author":"Craswell G","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr18-0165551517706233","volume-title":"Social research methods","author":"Bryman A.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr19-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138237"},{"key":"bibr20-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0038038597031003015"},{"key":"bibr21-0165551517706233","first-page":"235","volume-title":"The discipline of organizing","author":"Glushko RJ","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr22-0165551517706233","unstructured":"Jones M. Super conducting super collider: evolution of facility layout requirement and CAD system development. In: Proceedings of the unique underground structures symposium, 1990, http:\/\/www.osti.gov\/scitech\/servlets\/purl\/6148417-PFSjrN\/ (accessed 3 December 2014)."},{"key":"bibr23-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-8-49"},{"key":"bibr24-0165551517706233","author":"Ludwig LF","year":"1997","journal-title":"Multimedia collaboration system with separate data network and a\/v network controlled by information transmitting on the data network"},{"key":"bibr25-0165551517706233","first-page":"101","volume-title":"Life as theater: a dramaturgical sourcebook","author":"Goffman E.","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr26-0165551517706233","volume-title":"The ego tunnel: the science of the mind and the myth of the self","author":"Metzinger T.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr27-0165551517706233","first-page":"205","volume":"4","author":"Valk FV.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Merlot J Online Learn Teach"},{"key":"bibr28-0165551517706233","volume-title":"Safer children in a digital world: the report of the Byron review: be safe, be aware, have fun","author":"Byron T.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr29-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-010-1447-1"},{"key":"bibr30-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1467247.1467265"},{"key":"bibr31-0165551517706233","volume-title":"Jesus in Disneyland: religion in postmodern times","author":"Lyon D.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr32-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10749039409524667"},{"key":"bibr33-0165551517706233","first-page":"73","volume":"7","author":"Mcinnerney JM","year":"2004","journal-title":"Educ Techn Soc"},{"key":"bibr34-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2655534"},{"key":"bibr35-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v14i3.2162"},{"key":"bibr36-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2007.9994"},{"key":"bibr37-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2885.2004.tb00302.x"},{"key":"bibr38-0165551517706233","unstructured":"Siibak A. Constructing the self through the photo selection \u2013 visual impression management on social networking websites. Cyberpsychol 2009; 3(1): article 1, http:\/\/www.cyberpsychology.eu\/view.php?cisloclanku=2009061501&article=1 (accessed 1 December 2014)."},{"key":"bibr39-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-012-9286-x"},{"key":"bibr40-0165551517706233","unstructured":"Wittes B. Databuse: digital privacy and the mosaic. Brookings Institute, 2011, https:\/\/www.technologylawdispatch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/26\/2011\/05\/GRE-Blog-May-17-2011-3.pdf (accessed 29 April 2017)."},{"key":"bibr41-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compcom.2009.12.004"},{"key":"bibr42-0165551517706233","first-page":"31","volume":"46","author":"Siemens G","year":"2011","journal-title":"Educ Rev"},{"key":"bibr43-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1387"},{"key":"bibr44-0165551517706233","volume-title":"Foresight future identities 2013: final project report","author":"Hankin C.","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr45-0165551517706233","first-page":"89","volume":"1","author":"Hengstler J","year":"2011","journal-title":"Educ Digit World"},{"key":"bibr46-0165551517706233","volume-title":"Digital footprints: online identity management and search in the age of transparency","author":"Madden M","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr47-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0054"},{"key":"bibr48-0165551517706233","unstructured":"Kapadia A, Henderson T, Fielding J, Virtual walls: protecting digital privacy in pervasive environments. In: Proceedings of the 5th international conference on pervasive computing, 2007, http:\/\/www.cs.dartmouth.edu\/~dfk\/papers\/kapadia-walls.pdf"},{"key":"bibr49-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2011.09.009"},{"key":"bibr50-0165551517706233","volume-title":"Future identities: changing identities in the UK \u2013 the next 10 years. DR 4: will an increasing element of our identity be \u2018devolved\u2019 to machines?","author":"Briggs P.","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr51-0165551517706233","first-page":"1315","volume":"50","author":"Gelman L.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Boston Coll Law Rev"},{"key":"bibr52-0165551517706233","volume-title":"Digital media ethics","author":"Ess C.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr53-0165551517706233","volume-title":"Mao II","author":"DeLillo D.","year":"1991"},{"key":"bibr54-0165551517706233","first-page":"17","volume":"33","author":"Floridi L.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Philos Mag"},{"key":"bibr55-0165551517706233","unstructured":"Westin AF, Ruebhausen OM. Privacy and freedom. New York: Atheneum, 1967."},{"key":"bibr56-0165551517706233","volume-title":"Database nation: the death of privacy in the 21st century","author":"Garfinkel S.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr57-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-006-0001-7"},{"key":"bibr58-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-5914.1985.tb00049.x"},{"key":"bibr59-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1229546"},{"key":"bibr60-0165551517706233","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Surveillance as social sorting: privacy, risk, and digital discrimination","author":"Ploeg IVD","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr61-0165551517706233","first-page":"24","volume":"42","author":"Cherry S.","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Spectrum"},{"key":"bibr62-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gross R, Acquisti A. Information revelation and privacy in online social networks. In: Proceedings of the ACM workshop on privacy in the electronic society, 2005, pp. 71\u201380, https:\/\/www.heinz.cmu.edu\/~acquisti\/papers\/privacy-facebook-gross-acquisti.pdf","DOI":"10.1145\/1102199.1102214"},{"key":"bibr63-0165551517706233","volume-title":"The digital person: technology and privacy in the information age","author":"Solove DJ.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr64-0165551517706233","first-page":"738","volume":"33","author":"Dennis ES.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardozo Law Rev"},{"key":"bibr65-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2011.01.007"},{"key":"bibr66-0165551517706233","volume-title":"Information warfare: chaos on the electronic superhighway","author":"Schwartau W.","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr67-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-18762008000100004"},{"key":"bibr68-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/40041279"},{"key":"bibr69-0165551517706233","volume-title":"I know who you are and I saw what you did: social networks and the death of privacy","author":"Andrews L.","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr70-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JCS-2010-0367"},{"key":"bibr71-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01972240252818216"},{"key":"bibr72-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-6914-7"},{"key":"bibr73-0165551517706233","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM computers, freedom & privacy conference","author":"Clarke R"},{"key":"bibr74-0165551517706233","first-page":"140","volume":"66","author":"Ludington S.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Maryland Law Rev"},{"key":"bibr75-0165551517706233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24908\/ss.v6i3.3285"},{"key":"bibr76-0165551517706233","unstructured":"Information Commissioner\u2019s Office. Determining what is personal data. 2012, https:\/\/ico.org.uk\/media\/for-organisations\/documents\/1554\/determining-what-is-personal-data.pdf (accessed 15 March 2017)."}],"container-title":["Journal of Information Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0165551517706233","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0165551517706233","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0165551517706233","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:08:31Z","timestamp":1777504111000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0165551517706233"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,10]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0165551517706233"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0165551517706233","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-5515","1741-6485"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-5515","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-6485","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,10]]}}}