{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T16:04:46Z","timestamp":1779897886217,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,6]],"date-time":"2018-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544054400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Prince Sultan University Riyadh; Saudi Arabia","award":["RG-CCIS-2017-06-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-CCIS-2017-06-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Information Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In the current era, due to the widespread availability of the Internet, it is extremely easy for people to communicate and share multimedia contents with each other. However, at the same time, secure transfer of personal and copyrighted material has become a critical issue. Consequently, secure means of data transfer are the most urgent need of the time. Steganography is the science and art of protecting the secret data from an unauthorised access. The steganographic approaches conceal secret data into a cover file of type audio, video, text and\/or image. The actual challenge in steganography is to achieve high robustness and capacity without bargaining on the imperceptibility of the cover file. In this article, an efficient steganography method is proposed for the transfer of secret data in digital images using number theory. For this purpose, the proposed method represents the cover image using the Fibonacci sequence. The representation of an image in the Fibonacci sequence allows increasing the bit planes from 8-bit to 12-bit planes. The experimental results of the proposed method in comparison with other existing steganographic methods exhibit that our method not only achieves high embedding of secret data but also gives high quality of stego images in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). Furthermore, the robustness of the technique is also evaluated in the presence of salt and pepper noise attack on the cover images.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551518816303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,6]],"date-time":"2018-12-06T11:24:59Z","timestamp":1544095499000},"page":"767-778","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Data hiding technique in steganography for information security using number theory"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Amjad","family":"Rehman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CCIS, Al Yamamah University Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanzila","family":"Saba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems CCIS, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toqeer","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahid","family":"Mehmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Taxila, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsin","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, China"},{"name":"Department of Telecommunication, Hazara University Masehra, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adeel","family":"Anjum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0165551518816303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12785\/amis\/080618"},{"key":"bibr2-0165551518816303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-012-9372-9"},{"key":"bibr3-0165551518816303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2018.03.015"},{"key":"bibr4-0165551518816303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2011.12.023"},{"key":"bibr5-0165551518816303","first-page":"227","volume-title":"Proceedings of 2016 international computer symposium (ICS)","author":"Shi S"},{"key":"bibr6-0165551518816303","first-page":"380","volume":"13","author":"Khan Z","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Arab J Inf Techn"},{"key":"bibr7-0165551518816303","first-page":"265","volume-title":"Proceedings of 2016 sixth international conference on innovative computing technology (INTECH)","author":"Islam AU"},{"key":"bibr8-0165551518816303","first-page":"336","volume-title":"Proceedings of 2002 IEEE workshop on multimedia signal processing","author":"Cvejic N"},{"key":"bibr9-0165551518816303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3906\/elk-162-267"},{"key":"bibr10-0165551518816303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-015-3060-0"},{"key":"bibr11-0165551518816303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-014-1952-z"},{"key":"bibr12-0165551518816303","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of 2015 13th international conference on frontiers of information technology (FIT)","author":"Islam M"},{"key":"bibr13-0165551518816303","first-page":"270","volume-title":"Proceedings of 2016 sixth international conference on innovative computing technology (INTECH)","author":"Khan S"},{"key":"bibr14-0165551518816303","unstructured":"Jassim FA. A novel steganography algorithm for hiding text in image using five modulus method. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv 2013, https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1307.0642"},{"key":"bibr15-0165551518816303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2011.2174231"},{"key":"bibr16-0165551518816303","first-page":"84","volume-title":"Proceedings of international conference on chemical engineering and advanced computational technologies (ICCEACT)","author":"Khan Z"},{"key":"bibr17-0165551518816303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2012.08.024"},{"key":"bibr18-0165551518816303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2012.02.106"},{"key":"bibr19-0165551518816303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2005.09.008"},{"key":"bibr20-0165551518816303","first-page":"40","volume":"196","author":"Chen W-Y.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl Math Comput"},{"key":"bibr21-0165551518816303","first-page":"1568","volume-title":"Proceedings of 6th international conference on signal processing, 2002","author":"Tong L"},{"key":"bibr22-0165551518816303","first-page":"6","volume":"15","author":"Naoum R","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Comput Sci Netw Secur"},{"key":"bibr23-0165551518816303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10044-012-0303-9"},{"key":"bibr24-0165551518816303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2014.04.022"},{"key":"bibr25-0165551518816303","first-page":"1938","volume":"9","author":"Muhammad K","year":"2015","journal-title":"KSII T Internet Inf"},{"key":"bibr26-0165551518816303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/49.668971"},{"key":"bibr27-0165551518816303","first-page":"4206","volume-title":"Proceedings of 2014 IEEE international conference on image processing (ICIP)","author":"Li B"},{"key":"bibr28-0165551518816303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-006-0008-4"},{"key":"bibr29-0165551518816303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2008.926097"},{"key":"bibr30-0165551518816303","first-page":"509","volume":"18","author":"Yang H","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radioengineering"},{"key":"bibr31-0165551518816303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2009.09.050"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr32-0165551518816303","first-page":"1938","volume":"9","author":"Muhammad K","year":"2015","journal-title":"KSII T Internet Inf"},{"key":"bibr33-0165551518816303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-015-2671-9"},{"key":"bibr34-0165551518816303","first-page":"875508","volume-title":"Proceedings of mobile multimedia\/image processing, security, and applications 2013","author":"Abdulla AA"},{"key":"bibr35-0165551518816303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24297\/ijct.v11i3.1167"},{"key":"bibr36-0165551518816303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2010.2041812"},{"key":"bibr37-0165551518816303","first-page":"26","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE third international conference on intelligent information hiding and multimedia signal processing, IIHMSP","author":"Sandipan D"},{"key":"bibr38-0165551518816303","volume-title":"Proceedings of 3rd international conference on computers and devices for communication (CODEC-06)","author":"Battisti F"},{"key":"bibr39-0165551518816303","first-page":"101","volume-title":"Proceedings of third international symposium on information assurance and security, 2007, IAS 2007","author":"Dey S"},{"key":"bibr40-0165551518816303","first-page":"69820C","volume-title":"Proceedings of mobile multimedia\/image processing, security, and applications 2008","author":"Mammi E"},{"key":"bibr41-0165551518816303","first-page":"392","volume-title":"Proceedings of 2012 ninth international conference on information technology: new generations (ITNG)","author":"Aroukatos N"},{"key":"bibr42-0165551518816303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1022594.1022597"},{"key":"bibr43-0165551518816303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2011.11.005"}],"container-title":["Journal of Information Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0165551518816303","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0165551518816303","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0165551518816303","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:08:49Z","timestamp":1777504129000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0165551518816303"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,6]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0165551518816303"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0165551518816303","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-5515","1741-6485"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-5515","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-6485","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,6]]}}}