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We employed three tools for collecting data, including a checklist, log files and semi-structured interviews. The findings showed that from the perspective of information retrieval specialists, the cognitive biases such as \u2018Familiarity\u2019, \u2018Anchoring\u2019, \u2018Rush to solve\u2019 and \u2018Curse of knowledge\u2019 could be of the greatest importance in the field of information retrieval. Also, in terms of users\u2019 searching, the \u2018Rush to solve problems\u2019 and \u2018Mere exposure effects\u2019 biases have the highest frequency, and the \u2018Outcome\u2019 and \u2018Curse of knowledge\u2019 biases have the lowest frequency in the process of user retrieval information. It can be concluded that, because cognitive biases occurring in information retrieval, designers of information retrieval systems and librarians should pay attention to this issue in designing and evaluating information systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/01655515211001777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T04:48:10Z","timestamp":1615956490000},"page":"348-358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Identifying effective cognitive biases in information retrieval"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Gisoo","family":"Gomroki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7086-7916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan","family":"Behzadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran"}]},{"given":"Rahmatolloah","family":"Fattahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran"}]},{"given":"Javad","family":"Salehi Fadardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"18","article-title":"Contributions of cognitive science to information science: an analytical synopsis","volume":"47","author":"Afzal W","year":"2011","unstructured":"Afzal W, Thompson KM. 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