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The model embraces the two key dimensions of information that exist harmoniously: information as (1) objective and veridical representations in the world (information as object) and (2) socially constructed interpretations that are a result of contextual influences (information as subject). We argue that these two facets of information cocreate information as a unified system and complement one another through two processes, which we denote as forming and informing. While the information literature has historically treated these objective and subjective identities of information as incompatible, we argue that they are mutually relevant and that our understanding of one actually enhances our understanding of the other.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/01655515211014149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T00:15:52Z","timestamp":1620692152000},"page":"582-594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["An integrative framework of information as both objective and subjective"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Hossein","family":"Jarrahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Library Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3007-2390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanye","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Library Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA"}]},{"given":"Cami","family":"Goray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-01655515211014149","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Information: new questions to a multidisciplinary concept","author":"Kornwachs K","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr2-01655515211014149","first-page":"187","volume-title":"Information: new questions to a multidisciplinary concept","author":"Zoglauer T","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr3-01655515211014149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x"},{"key":"bibr4-01655515211014149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/392768"},{"key":"bibr5-01655515211014149","volume-title":"Introduction to the economics of uncertainty and information","author":"Van Zandt T","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr6-01655515211014149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infoandorg.2016.11.002"},{"key":"bibr7-01655515211014149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23392"},{"key":"bibr8-01655515211014149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JD-05-2017-0078"},{"key":"bibr9-01655515211014149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.20620"},{"key":"bibr10-01655515211014149","first-page":"3","volume":"1","author":"Qvortrup L","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cybernet Human Knowing"},{"key":"bibr11-01655515211014149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2575.1995.tb00100.x"},{"key":"bibr12-01655515211014149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aris.1440370109"},{"key":"bibr13-01655515211014149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1933-1592.2005.tb00531.x"},{"key":"bibr14-01655515211014149","volume-title":"Steps to an ecology of mind: collected essays in anthropology, psychiatry, evolution and epistemology","author":"Bateson G","year":"1973"},{"key":"bibr15-01655515211014149","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Library and information service needs of the nation: proceedings of a conference on the needs of occupational, ethnic, and other groups in the United States","author":"Parker EB","year":"1974"},{"key":"bibr16-01655515211014149","volume-title":"Information and meaning: an evolutionary perspective","author":"Stonier T","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr17-01655515211014149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.20507"},{"key":"bibr18-01655515211014149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(1999)50:12<1051::AID-ASI2>3.0.CO;2-Z"},{"key":"bibr19-01655515211014149","first-page":"7","volume-title":"World Scientific Series in Economic Theory","author":"Glazer J","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr20-01655515211014149","volume-title":"The information: a history, a theory, a flood","author":"Gleick J"},{"key":"bibr21-01655515211014149","volume-title":"Designing complex organizations","author":"Galbraith JR","year":"1973","edition":"1"},{"key":"bibr22-01655515211014149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.20369"},{"key":"bibr23-01655515211014149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21711"},{"key":"bibr24-01655515211014149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infoandorg.2017.07.001"},{"key":"bibr25-01655515211014149","first-page":"n4","volume":"10","author":"Bates MJ","year":"2005","journal-title":"Inform Res"},{"key":"bibr26-01655515211014149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/IS4SI-2017-03928"},{"key":"bibr27-01655515211014149","first-page":"77","volume":"9","author":"Zaliwski AS","year":"2011","journal-title":"Triple C Cognit Commun Cooperat"},{"key":"bibr28-01655515211014149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1996.9605060221"},{"key":"bibr29-01655515211014149","unstructured":"Creswell JW. 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