{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:28:49Z","timestamp":1777854529165,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641859200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006182","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Estadual de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Esp\u00edrito Santo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["129\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["129\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006182","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["307718\/2020-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["307718\/2020-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88882.385281\/2019-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88882.385281\/2019-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Esp\u00edrito Santo Research and Innovation Foundation - FAPES","award":["74010158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["74010158"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Information Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Crowdsourcing arose as a problem-solving strategy that uses a large number of workers to achieve tasks and solve specific problems. Although there are many studies that explore crowdsourcing platforms and systems, little attention has been paid to define what a crowd-powered project is. To address this issue, this article introduces a general-purpose conceptual model that represents the essential elements involved in this kind of project and how they relate to each other. We consider that the workflow in crowdsourcing projects is context-oriented and should represent the planning and coordination by the crowdsourcer in the project, instead of only facilitating decomposing a complex task into subtask sets. Since structural models are limited to cannot properly represent the execution flow, we also introduce the use of behavioural conceptual models, specifically Unified Modeling Language (UML) activity diagrams, to represent the user, tasks, assets, control activities and products involved in a specific project.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/01655515211062466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T04:45:31Z","timestamp":1641876331000},"page":"1546-1569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Essential elements, conceptual foundations and workflow design in crowd-powered projects"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3287-5843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celso A S","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9274-9793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro M","family":"Baldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Brazil"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1bio R","family":"de Assis Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Monalessa P","family":"Barcellos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Brazil"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-17572-5_45"},{"key":"bibr2-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-011-0124-6"},{"key":"bibr3-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2020.1815840"},{"key":"bibr4-01655515211062466","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 25th international conference on systems, signals and image processing (IWSSIP)","author":"Amorim MN"},{"key":"bibr5-01655515211062466","first-page":"8","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE\/ACM 2nd international workshop on crowdsourcing in software engineering (CSI-SE)","author":"Dwarakanath A"},{"key":"bibr6-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2016.09.015"},{"key":"bibr7-01655515211062466","first-page":"1711","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM international conference on management of data","author":"Li G"},{"key":"bibr8-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551512471593"},{"key":"bibr9-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2015.05.001"},{"key":"bibr10-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-014-9423-5"},{"key":"bibr11-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijmr.12135"},{"key":"bibr12-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1924421.1924442"},{"key":"bibr13-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551512437638"},{"key":"bibr14-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-012-9350-4"},{"key":"bibr15-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2018.03.006"},{"key":"bibr16-01655515211062466","volume-title":"Conceptual modeling of information systems","author":"Oliv\u00e9 A","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr17-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-41924-9_46"},{"key":"bibr18-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2017.08.007"},{"key":"bibr19-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0312896219871979"},{"key":"bibr20-01655515211062466","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th European conference on e-Government (ECEG\u20192014","author":"Cupido K"},{"issue":"110","key":"bibr21-01655515211062466","first-page":"89","volume":"25","author":"Hassan H","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pertanika J Sci Technol"},{"key":"bibr22-01655515211062466","first-page":"577","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th European conference on knowledge management (ECKM\u20192017","volume":"1","author":"Lenart-Gansiniec R"},{"key":"bibr23-01655515211062466","first-page":"579","volume-title":"Proceedings of the annual Hawaii international conference on system sciences","author":"Pedersen J"},{"key":"bibr24-01655515211062466","first-page":"1173","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 SAI computing conference (SAI)","author":"Zakariah Z"},{"key":"bibr25-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.datak.2004.12.009"},{"key":"bibr26-01655515211062466","first-page":"1121","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE international conference on systems, man, and cybernetics (SMC)","author":"Barbosa CE"},{"key":"bibr27-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13740-013-0032-2"},{"key":"bibr28-01655515211062466","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th International Conference Information Systems and Grid Technologies (ISGT\u20192018)","volume":"2464","author":"Branzov T"},{"key":"bibr29-01655515211062466","volume-title":"Multikonferenz Wirtschaftsinformatik (MKWI\u20192014)","author":"Hetmank L"},{"key":"bibr30-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19515-5_26"},{"key":"bibr31-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10726-018-9557-y"},{"key":"bibr32-01655515211062466","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik","author":"Hetmank L"},{"key":"bibr33-01655515211062466","volume-title":"Crowdsourcing: why the power of the crowd is driving the future of business","author":"Howe J","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr34-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-019-7312-2"},{"key":"bibr35-01655515211062466","first-page":"105","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Brazilian symposium on multimedia and the web","author":"De Amorim MN"},{"key":"bibr36-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2010.0146"},{"key":"bibr37-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/2336664.2336676"},{"key":"bibr38-01655515211062466","unstructured":"Netflix. Netflix, 2021, https:\/\/netflix.com"},{"key":"bibr39-01655515211062466","unstructured":"SkinnyCorp LLC Company. Threadless 2021, https:\/\/www.threadless.com\/"},{"key":"bibr40-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691181003624090"},{"key":"bibr41-01655515211062466","first-page":"120","volume-title":"The participatory cultures handbook","author":"Brabham DC","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr42-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3917\/jie.007.0093"},{"key":"bibr43-01655515211062466","first-page":"1403","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems","author":"Quinn AJ"},{"key":"bibr44-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-05696-8_10"},{"key":"bibr45-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.8821"},{"key":"bibr46-01655515211062466","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the workshop on social computing and user generated content in conjunction with ACM conference on electronic commerce (ACM-EC\u20192012)","author":"Minder P"},{"key":"bibr47-01655515211062466","first-page":"313","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd annual ACM symposium on user interface software and technology","author":"Bernstein MS"},{"key":"bibr48-01655515211062466","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st international workshop on ubiquitous crowdsourcing\/12th ACM International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing. (UbiComp\u201910)","author":"Erickson T"},{"key":"bibr49-01655515211062466","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 33rd annual international conference on information systems (ICIS)","author":"Geiger D"},{"key":"bibr50-01655515211062466","first-page":"132","volume-title":"Proceedings of the workshop on e-Business","author":"Lee PTY"},{"key":"bibr51-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2016.2555805"},{"key":"bibr52-01655515211062466","first-page":"1003","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM 2012 conference on computer supported cooperative work (CSCW\u201912)","author":"Kulkarni A"},{"key":"bibr53-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2019.102135"},{"key":"bibr54-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13673-016-0080-3"},{"key":"bibr55-01655515211062466","unstructured":"Appen. Appen home, 2021, https:\/\/appen.com"},{"key":"bibr56-01655515211062466","unstructured":"MicroWorkers. MicroWorkers \u2013 work and earn or offer a micro job, 2021, https:\/\/www.microworkers.com\/"},{"key":"bibr57-01655515211062466","unstructured":"Wazoku. InnoCentive \u2013 open innovation and crowdsourcing platform, 2021, https:\/\/www.innocentive.com\/"},{"key":"bibr58-01655515211062466","unstructured":"iStockphoto LP. Stock images, royalty-free pictures, illustrations and videos \u2013 iStock, 2021, https:\/\/www.istockphoto.com\/"},{"key":"bibr59-01655515211062466","first-page":"4061","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 33rd annual ACM conference on human factors in computing systems (CHI\u20192015)","author":"Cheng J"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr60-01655515211062466","first-page":"59","volume":"14","author":"Mourelatos E","year":"2016","journal-title":"South-East Eur J Econ"},{"key":"bibr61-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsis.2013.07.004"},{"key":"bibr62-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-016-0727-z"},{"key":"bibr63-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5539\/ijbm.v12n12p29"},{"key":"bibr64-01655515211062466","first-page":"246","volume-title":"Advances in database technology: 20th international conference on extending database technology (EDBT\u20192017)","author":"Pilourdault J","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr65-01655515211062466","first-page":"365","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 34th international conference on data engineering (ICDE)","author":"Pilourdault J"},{"key":"bibr66-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2015.01.009"},{"key":"bibr67-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2018.01.008"},{"key":"bibr68-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-41347-6_7"},{"key":"bibr69-01655515211062466","first-page":"166","volume-title":"Proceedings of the conference on data mining and data warehouses (SiKDD\u20192005)","author":"Brank J"},{"key":"bibr70-01655515211062466","unstructured":"Freelancer. Hire freelancers and find freelance jobs online \u2013 freelancer, 2021, http:\/\/freelancer.com"},{"key":"bibr71-01655515211062466","unstructured":"Upwork\n                      \u00ae\n                      Global, Inc. ODesk: hire freelancers make things happen, 2021, http:\/\/upwork.com"},{"key":"bibr72-01655515211062466","unstructured":"Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT), Inc. Amazon Mechanical Turk and its affiliates, 2021, https:\/\/www.mturk.com\/"},{"key":"bibr73-01655515211062466","unstructured":"Kickstarter. Kickstarter platform, 2021, https:\/\/www.kickstarter.com\/"},{"key":"bibr74-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07617-1_5"},{"key":"bibr75-01655515211062466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2014.11.003"},{"key":"bibr76-01655515211062466","first-page":"263","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd ACM conference on international conference on multimedia retrieval (ICMR\u201913)","author":"Nguyen-Dinh L-V"},{"key":"bibr77-01655515211062466","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21st international conference on intelligent user interfaces (IUI\u201916)","author":"Altmeyer M"},{"key":"bibr78-01655515211062466","first-page":"1067","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining (KDD\u201914)","author":"Cao CC"},{"key":"bibr79-01655515211062466","first-page":"1090","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 55th annual meeting human factors and ergonomics society","author":"Kim S-H"}],"container-title":["Journal of Information Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/01655515211062466","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/01655515211062466","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/01655515211062466","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:09:29Z","timestamp":1777504169000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/01655515211062466"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/01655515211062466"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01655515211062466","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-5515","1741-6485"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-5515","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-6485","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]]}}}