{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T03:46:00Z","timestamp":1774669560888,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661731200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEC-2019\/35\/B\/HS4\/01446."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEC-2019\/35\/B\/HS4\/01446."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Information Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Crowdsourcing in science as collaborative online process through which non-professional and\/or professional scientists incorporate a group of individuals of varying, diversity knowledge and skills, via an open call to the Internet and\/or online platforms, to undertaking of a task in science, is an important strategy to support scientific research that has gained attention in academia and practitioners. While research efforts to date have focused on the benefits of crowdsourcing in science, its typology has yet to mature. Typologies are important in describing complex, multidisciplinary organisational forms such as crowdsourcing in science. The main purpose of this article is to identify and provide a typology of crowdsourcing in science. Based on the thematic analysis of publications collected in a systematic manner and focused group interviews, 12 types of crowdsourcing in science are identified. The proposed crowdsourcing in science typology matrix may be a starting point for future research and decision-making by practitioners regarding the choice of a specific type of crowdsourcing in science.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/01655515221118045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T06:20:04Z","timestamp":1661754004000},"page":"1345-1367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Towards a typology development of crowdsourcing in science"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9266-9638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regina","family":"Lenart-Gansiniec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551519828626"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244020980751"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13662716.2020.1792274"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2022.104491"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/cstp.293"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-019-09915-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002373"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"44th Hawaii international conference on system sciences","author":"Wiggins A","unstructured":"Wiggins A, Crowston K. From conservation to crowdsourcing: a typology of citizen science. In: 44th Hawaii international conference on system sciences, Kauai, HI, 4\u20137 January 2011, pp. 1\u201310. New York: IEEE."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"679","volume-title":"The 12th international conference on the synthesis and simulation of living systems","author":"B\u00fcecheler T","unstructured":"B\u00fcecheler T, Sieg JH, F\u00fcchslin RM et al. Crowdsourcing, open innovation and collective intelligence in the scientific method: a research agenda and operational framework. In: The 12th international conference on the synthesis and simulation of living systems, Odense, 19\u201323 August 2010, pp. 679\u2013686. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lenart-Gansiniec R Czakon W Su\u0142kowski \u0141. et al. Understanding crowdsourcing in science. Unpublished manuscript Poland: Jagiellonian University in Krakow 2022.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11846-022-00602-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","unstructured":"Schlagwein D Daneshgar F. User requirements of a crowdsourcing platform for researchers: findings from a series of focus groups. PACIS 2014 https:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.1066.1366&rep=rep1&type=pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.07.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2013.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-35142-6_14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1869086.1869094"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691619850561"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Participatory science: encouraging public engagement in ONEM","volume":"6","author":"Heaton L","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heaton L, Millerand F, Liu X et al. Participatory science: encouraging public engagement in ONEM. Int J Sci Educ B 2016; 6: 1\u201322.","journal-title":"Int J Sci Educ B"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2016.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Crowdsourcing citizen science: exploring the tensions between paid professionals and users","volume":"1","author":"Woodcock J","year":"2017","unstructured":"Woodcock J, Greenhill A, Holmes K et al. Crowdsourcing citizen science: exploring the tensions between paid professionals and users. J of Peer Prod 2017; 1: 1\u201310.","journal-title":"J of Peer Prod"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","unstructured":"Doyle C Li Y Luczak-Roesch M et al. What is online citizen science anyway? An educational perspective. arXiv [cs.CY] 2018 http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1805.00441"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/cstp.224"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.njas.2018.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaish R Goyal S Saberi A et al. Creating crowdsourced research talks at scale. In: Proceedings of the 2018 world wide web conference on world wide web \u2013 WWW \u201918 Lyon 23\u201327 April 2018. New York: ACM Press.","DOI":"10.1145\/3178876.3186031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2006671117"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963662516678514"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v13i6.2159."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2016.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13662716.2021.1967727"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13662716.2021.1976627"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1330311.1330316"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","unstructured":"Cullina E Conboy K Morgan L. Crowdsourcing and crowdfunding mechanisms for scientific research funding agencies \u2013 a preliminary entity categorisation matrix (PECM). In: IPP2014: crowdsourcing for politics and policy Oxford 2014 http:\/\/mural.maynoothuniversity.ie\/6687\/7\/LM-Crowdsourcing.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208384"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cjas.1395"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","volume-title":"Crowdsourcing: how the power of the crowd is driving the future of business","author":"Howe J","year":"2008","unstructured":"Howe J. Crowdsourcing: how the power of the crowd is driving the future of business. London: Random House Books, 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00909882.2012.693940"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551512437638"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-18341-1_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the seventeenth Americas conference on information systems","author":"Geiger D","unstructured":"Geiger D, Seedorf S, Schulze T. Managing the crowd: towards a taxonomy of crowdsourcing processes. In: Proceedings of the seventeenth Americas conference on information systems, Detroit, MI, 4\u20137 August 2011."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/poi3.249"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551514550140"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Crowdsourcing typology: a review of IS research and organizations","volume":"4","author":"Tripathi A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tripathi A, Tahmasbi N, Khazanchi D et al. Crowdsourcing typology: a review of IS research and organizations. Proceedings 2014; 4: 1\u201310.","journal-title":"Proceedings"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v24i10.9206."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1065912912437162"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","first-page":"247","article-title":"Values, motives, and systems of action","volume":"33","author":"Parsons T","year":"1951","unstructured":"Parsons T, Shils EA. Values, motives, and systems of action. Toward Gen Theor Action 1951; 33: 247\u2013275.","journal-title":"Toward Gen Theor Action"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1994.9410210748"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","unstructured":"Kluge S. Empirically grounded construction of types and typologies in qualitative social research. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung\/Forum: Qualitative Social Research 2000; 1 https:\/\/www.qualitative-research.net\/index.php\/fqs\/article\/view\/1124"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"The rise of crowdsourcing","volume":"14","author":"Howe J","year":"2006","unstructured":"Howe J. The rise of crowdsourcing. Wired Mag 2006; 14(6): 1\u20134.","journal-title":"Wired Mag"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11280-016-0428-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2016.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2018.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-017-1057-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0008125617738255"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2013.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jik.2018.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1331677X.2018.1547204"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/MD-06-2014-0408"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/IJPADA.2016100105"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-0622-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/687743"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2021.101593"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198816225.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/TLO-12-2018-0213"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/cmr.2012.54.3.140"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indmarman.2013.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3166\/jds.20.309-324"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","unstructured":"Wang J Li G Kraska T et al. Leveraging transitive relations for crowdsourced joins. arXiv [cs.DB] http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1408.6916 (2014)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","first-page":"020602","article-title":"\u2018Crowdsourcing\u2019 ten years in: a review","volume":"7","author":"Wazny K","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wazny K. \u2018Crowdsourcing\u2019 ten years in: a review. J Glob Heal 2017; 7: 020602.","journal-title":"J Glob Heal"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsis.2020.101593"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-020-02581-8."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM conference on computer supported cooperative work and social computing","author":"Law E","unstructured":"Law E, Gajos KZ, Wiggins A et al. Crowdsourcing as a tool for research: implications of uncertainty. In: Proceedings of the 2017 ACM conference on computer supported cooperative work and social computing, Portland, OR, 25 February 2017. New York: ACM."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th international symposium on open collaboration","author":"Cullina E","unstructured":"Cullina E, Conboy K, Morgan L. Measuring the crowd: a preliminary taxonomy of crowdsourcing metrics. In: Proceedings of the 11th international symposium on open collaboration, San Francisco, CA, 19\u201321 August 2015, pp. 1\u201310. New York: ACM."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2020.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-016-1238-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-00026-8_17"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13169\/statecrime.2.1.0030"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21278"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-011-0081-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","first-page":"397","volume-title":"2011 international conference on collaboration technologies and systems (CTS)","author":"Pan Y","unstructured":"Pan Y, Blevis E. A survey of crowdsourcing as a means of collaboration and the implications of crowdsourcing for interaction design. In: 2011 international conference on collaboration technologies and systems (CTS), Philadelphia, PA, 23\u201327 May 2011, pp. 397\u2013403. New York: IEEE."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-011-0124-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","volume-title":"2013 46th Hawaii international conference on system sciences","author":"Pedersen J","unstructured":"Pedersen J, Kocsis D, Tripathi A et al. Conceptual foundations of crowdsourcing: a review of IS research. In: 2013 46th Hawaii international conference on system sciences, Wailea, HI, 7\u201310 January 2013. New York: IEEE."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15346\/hc.v1i2.2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.futures.2014.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","unstructured":"Michel F Gil Y Ratnakar V et al. A virtual crowdsourcing community for open collaboration in science processes. In: AMCIS 2015 proceedings 2015 https:\/\/www.isi.edu\/~gil\/papers\/michel-etal-amcis15.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22323\/2.15030203"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244016671770"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","first-page":"22","article-title":"The potential for citizen science in information systems research","volume":"40","author":"Levy M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Levy M, Germonprez M. The potential for citizen science in information systems research. Commun Assoc Inf Syst 2017; 40: 22\u201339.","journal-title":"Commun Assoc Inf Syst"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637751.2017.1342043"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10967494.2016.1276493"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correia A Schneider D Fonseca B et al. Crowdsourcing and massively collaborative science: a systematic literature review and mapping study. Cham: Springer 2018 https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-99504-5_11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-99504-5_11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","volume-title":"Online citizen science and the widening of academia: distributed engagement with research and knowledge production","author":"Curtis V","year":"2019","unstructured":"Curtis V. Online citizen science and the widening of academia: distributed engagement with research and knowledge production. Cham: Springer Nature, 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/cstp.230"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098214019836674"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22323\/2.18010201"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","article-title":"Differential game analysis of scientific crowdsourcing on knowledge transfer","volume":"11","author":"Wang G","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang G, Yu L. Differential game analysis of scientific crowdsourcing on knowledge transfer. Sustainability 2019; 11: 2735.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00378"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1958356"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40501-3_41"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","first-page":"5","article-title":"Erratum to: scale development: ten main limitations and recommendations to improve future research practices","volume":"30","author":"Morgado FFR","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morgado FFR, Meireles JFF, Neves CM et al. Erratum to: scale development: ten main limitations and recommendations to improve future research practices. Psicologia 2017; 30: 5.","journal-title":"Psicologia"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8551.00375"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3736\/jcim20090918"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-9492LSF"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-sen:20060052"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","first-page":"29","article-title":"Citizen science and scientific citizenship: same words, different meanings","author":"Irwin A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Irwin A. Citizen science and scientific citizenship: same words, different meanings. Sci Commun Today 2015; 29-38.","journal-title":"Sci Commun Today"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/cstp.96"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13178-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_109_2","volume-title":"Content analysis. An introduction to its methodology","author":"Krippendorff K","year":"2013","unstructured":"Krippendorff K. Content analysis. An introduction to its methodology. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 2013."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07399339209516006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA7749"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12860"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/caim.12454"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_114_2","unstructured":"Keating M Furberg R. A methodological framework for crowdsourcing in research. In: Proceedings of the 2013 federal committee on statistical methodology research conference 2013 Washington DC https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/FCSM\/pdf\/H1_Keating_2013FCSM_AC.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022242918809673"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_116_2","volume-title":"2014 IEEE eighth international conference on research challenges in information science (RCIS)","author":"Hosseini M","unstructured":"Hosseini M, Phalp K, Taylor J et al. The four pillars of crowdsourcing: a reference model. In: 2014 IEEE eighth international conference on research challenges in information science (RCIS), Marrakech, Morocco, 28\u201330 May 2014. New York: IEEE."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10580530.2013.739883"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_118_2","first-page":"40","article-title":"Crowdsourcing as a tool for research: methodological, fair, and political considerations","volume":"40","author":"Rea SC","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rea SC, Kleeman H, Zhu Q et al. Crowdsourcing as a tool for research: methodological, fair, and political considerations. Technol Soc 2020; 40: 40\u201353.","journal-title":"Technol Soc"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01655515211062466."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpr057"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-016-0727-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_122_2","volume-title":"Cognitive surplus: creativity and generosity in a connected age","author":"Shirky C","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shirky C. Cognitive surplus: creativity and generosity in a connected age. New York: The Penguin Press, 2010."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-66435-4_4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1408907112"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/SO-12-2014-0029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_126_2","first-page":"35","article-title":"Using crowdsourcing for research projects","volume":"29","author":"Lisek K","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lisek K. Using crowdsourcing for research projects. Market Sci Res Organ 2018; 29: 35\u201362.","journal-title":"Market Sci Res Organ"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12108-015-9266-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(90)90096-I"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_129_2","first-page":"259","volume-title":"Communications in computer and information science","author":"Soprano M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Soprano M, Mizzaro S. Crowdsourcing peer review: as we may do. In: Manghi P, Candela L, Silvello G (eds) Communications in computer and information science. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019, pp. 259\u2013273."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_130_2","unstructured":"Tavanapour N Bittner EAC. The collaboration of crowd workers. Res-Prog Papers 2018; 65 https:\/\/aisel.aisnet.org\/ecis2018_rip\/65"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2018.10.049"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JICES-12-2018-0093"}],"container-title":["Journal of Information Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/01655515221118045","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/01655515221118045","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/01655515221118045","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T19:51:52Z","timestamp":1767642712000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/01655515221118045"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"references-count":131,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/01655515221118045"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01655515221118045","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-5515","1741-6485"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-5515","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-6485","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]}}}