{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:29:40Z","timestamp":1777854580572,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671667200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Information Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Knowledge workers such as healthcare information professionals, legal researchers and librarians need to create and execute search strategies that are comprehensive, transparent and reproducible. The traditional solution is to use proprietary query-building tools provided by literature database vendors. In the majority of cases, these query builders are designed using a form-based paradigm that requires the user to enter keywords and ontology terms on a line-by-line basis and then combine them using Boolean operators. However, recent years have witnessed significant changes in human\u2013computer interaction technologies, and users can now engage with online information systems using a variety of novel data visualisation techniques. In this article, we evaluate a new approach to query building in which users express concepts as objects on a visual canvas and compare this with a traditional form-based query builder in a laboratory-based user study. The results demonstrate the potential of visual interfaces to mitigate some of the shortcomings associated with form-based interfaces and encourage more exploratory search behaviour. They also demonstrate the value of having a temporary \u2018scratch\u2019 space in query formulation. In addition, the findings highlight an ongoing need for transparency and reproducibility in professional search and raise further questions about how these properties may best be supported.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/01655515221138536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T04:15:38Z","timestamp":1671682538000},"page":"354-367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Think outside the search box: A comparative study of visual and form-based query builders"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Tanja","family":"Svarre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication and Psychology, Aalborg University, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4394-9876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tony","family":"Russell-Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Goldsmiths, University of London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470712184.ch6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-4-200708210-00179"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","unstructured":"Pazer JW. The importance of the Boolean search query in social media monitoring tools 2013 https:\/\/www.dragon360.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/08\/social-media-monitoring-tools-boolean-search-query.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","unstructured":"Russell-Rose T MacFarlane A. Towards explainability in professional search. In: Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on explainable recommendation and search Xi\u2019an China 30 July 2020 https:\/\/ears2020.github.io\/accept_papers\/1.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","unstructured":"Elsweiler D Wilson ML Harvey M. Searching for fun: casual-leisure search. In: Proceedings of the ECIR 2012 workshop on task-based and aggregated search (TBAS2012)Barcelona 1 April 2012 https:\/\/www.cs.nott.ac.uk\/~pszmw\/s4f2014\/ecir_searchingforfun.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/792550.792552"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francis DK Smith J Saljuqi T et al. Oral protein calorie supplementation for children with chronic disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 2015(5): CD001914 https:\/\/www.cochranelibrary.com\/cdsr\/doi\/10.1002\/14651858.CD001914.pub2\/full","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001914.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","unstructured":"Kelly D. Methods for evaluating interactive information retrieval systems with users. FNT in information retrieval 2009 https:\/\/ils.unc.edu\/courses\/2013_spring\/inls509_001\/papers\/FnTIR-Press-Kelly.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-30671-1_51"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","article-title":"Designing the structured search experience: rethinking the query-builder paradigm","volume":"3","author":"Russell-Rose T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Russell-Rose T, Shokraneh F. Designing the structured search experience: rethinking the query-builder paradigm. Weave 2020; 3(1): 3\u20134.","journal-title":"Weave"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5195\/jmla.2019.567"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-1842.2008.00825.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2006.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604.ch4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","unstructured":"Goldberg JH Gajendar UN. Graphical condition builder for facilitating database queries 2008 https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US7383513B2\/en"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","first-page":"135","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on research and development in information retrieval","author":"Anick PG","unstructured":"Anick PG, Brennan JD, Flynn RA et al. A direct manipulation interface for Boolean information retrieval via natural language query. In: Proceedings of the 13th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on research and development in information retrieval, Brussels, 5\u20137 September 1990, pp. 135\u2013150. New York: ACM."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","first-page":"415","volume-title":"CHI95: conference on human factor in computing systems","author":"Fishkin K","unstructured":"Fishkin K, Stone MC. Enhanced dynamic queries via movable filters. In: CHI95: conference on human factor in computing systems, Denver, CO, 7\u201311 May 1995, pp. 415\u2013420. New York: ACM Press\/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","first-page":"143","volume-title":"UIST98: eleventh annual symposium on user interface software and technology","author":"Jones S","unstructured":"Jones S. Graphical query specification and dynamic result previews for a digital library. In: UIST98: eleventh annual symposium on user interface software and technology, San Francisco, CA, 1\u20134 November, pp. 143\u2013151. New York: ACM."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.ivs.9500099"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39209-2_28"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","first-page":"1939","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 27th ACM international conference on information and knowledge management \u2013 CIKM \u201918","author":"Scells H","unstructured":"Scells H, Zuccon G. Searchrefiner: a query visualisation and understanding tool for systematic reviews. In: Proceedings of the 27th ACM international conference on information and knowledge management \u2013 CIKM \u201918, Torino, 22\u201326 October 2018, pp. 1939\u20131942. New York: ACM Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2005 national conference on digital government research","author":"Junliang Z","unstructured":"Junliang Z, Marchionini G. Evaluation and evolution of a browse and search interface: relation browser. In: Proceedings of the 2005 national conference on digital government research, Atlanta, 15\u201318 May 2005, pp. 179\u2013188. New York: ACM."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2017.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JD-06-2015-0068"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","first-page":"215","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th information interaction in context symposium","author":"Svarre T","unstructured":"Svarre T, Lykke M. Simulated work tasks: the case of professional users. In: Proceedings of the 5th information interaction in context symposium, Regensburg, 26\u201330 August 2014, pp. 215\u2013218. New York: ACM."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intcom.2010.04.002"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","article-title":"The IIR evaluation model: a framework for evaluation of interactive information retrieval systems","volume":"8","author":"Borlund P.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Borlund P. The IIR evaluation model: a framework for evaluation of interactive information retrieval systems. Inf Res 2003; 8(3): 152.","journal-title":"Inf Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9781\/ijimai.2017.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","volume-title":"Bryman\u2019s social research methods","author":"Clark T","year":"2021","unstructured":"Clark T, Foster L, Sloan L et al. Bryman\u2019s social research methods. 6th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.","edition":"6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/medinform.7680"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Faceted search","volume":"1","author":"Tunkelang D.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tunkelang D. Faceted search. Synth Lect Inf Concepts Retr Serv 2009; 1(1): 1\u201380.","journal-title":"Synth Lect Inf Concepts Retr Serv"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/362929.362947"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","volume-title":"PICO framework: two decades of variation and application","author":"Shokraneh F.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shokraneh F. PICO framework: two decades of variation and application. Oxford: University of Oxford, 2016."}],"container-title":["Journal of Information Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/01655515221138536","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/01655515221138536","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/01655515221138536","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:09:56Z","timestamp":1777504196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/01655515221138536"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/01655515221138536"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01655515221138536","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-5515","1741-6485"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-5515","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-6485","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]}}}