{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T13:00:30Z","timestamp":1780750830154,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,17]],"date-time":"2024-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731801600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Information Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Murals are important resources for carrying cultural heritage, historical evidence and artistic memory. The sentiment of a mural is the transmission of its inner thoughts, closely related to the region and dynasty to which the mural belongs. To explore the sentiment evolution patterns of temple murals, we construct a spatio-temporal evolution analysis framework based on sentiment recognition. This framework mainly includes feature extraction, sentiment recognition and sentiment evolution analysis. First, we extract the colour features, local features, global semantic features, patch features and structure relations to represent the visual features of temple murals. Second, the semantics of spatio-temporal attributes and titles of murals are extracted through the fine-tuned BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) to enhance the feature discrimination for sentiment recognition. Third, we introduce the SMOTE (Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique) to reduce the influence of imbalanced data and select RF (random forest) as the optimal classifier. The F1 score of the fine-grained sentiment recognition model is up to 81.37%. Finally, we collect the temple murals and reveal the characteristics and patterns of sentiment evolution from the spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal perspectives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/01655515241293766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T01:15:59Z","timestamp":1731892559000},"page":"874-892","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A spatio-temporal evolution analysis framework based on sentiment recognition for temple murals"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8760-9254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shouqiang","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Management, Wuhan University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziming","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Management, Wuhan University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8772-3441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingqing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Management, Wuhan University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2020.3042664"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.114324"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3280790","article-title":"Inpainting of Dunhuang murals by sparsely modeling the texture similarity and structure continuity","volume":"12","author":"Wang H","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang H, Li Q, Zou Q. Inpainting of Dunhuang murals by sparsely modeling the texture similarity and structure continuity. J Comput Cult Heritage 2019; 12(3): 1\u201321.","journal-title":"J Comput Cult Heritage"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W11-435-2019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JD-03-2017-0033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/LHT-03-2021-0079"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"2207","article-title":"Sentiment prediction of small sample abstract painting image based on feature fusion","volume":"40","author":"Bai R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bai R, Guo X, Jia C. Sentiment prediction of small sample abstract painting image based on feature fusion. J Comput Appl 2020; 40(8): 2207\u20132213.","journal-title":"J Comput Appl"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"641","article-title":"Unsupervised emotion recognition of Yunnan Heavy Color Paintings based on domain adaptation","volume":"43","author":"Peng G","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peng G, Zhang H, Xu D. Unsupervised emotion recognition of Yunnan Heavy Color Paintings based on domain adaptation. J Graph 2022; 43(4): 641\u2013650.","journal-title":"J Graph"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"74","article-title":"Chinese painting emotion classification based on convolution neural network and SVM","volume":"40","author":"Wang Z","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang Z, Li H, Xu H, et al. Chinese painting emotion classification based on convolution neural network and SVM. J Nanjing Normal Univer 2017; 40(3): 74\u20137986.","journal-title":"J Nanjing Normal Univer"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2019.102097"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-019-7390-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-ipr.2019.1270"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2022.102929"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2023.103968"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21030833"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2021.115712"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10844-022-00729-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","first-page":"74336","article-title":"Exploring the topic evolution of Dunhuang murals through image classification","volume":"2022","author":"Zeng Z","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zeng Z, Sun S, Li T, et al. Exploring the topic evolution of Dunhuang murals through image classification. J Inform Sci 2022; 2022: 74336.","journal-title":"J Inform Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","first-page":"2761","article-title":"Exploring the visual distinguishability and topic autocorrelation of murals unearthed in China from the spatial perspective","volume":"2023","author":"Sun S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun S, Zeng Z, Li Q. Exploring the visual distinguishability and topic autocorrelation of murals unearthed in China from the spatial perspective. J Inform Sci 2023; 2023: 2761.","journal-title":"J Inform Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","volume-title":"Complete Collection of Temple Murals in China","author":"Editorial Committee of Complete Collection of Temple Murals in China","year":"2011","unstructured":"Editorial Committee of Complete Collection of Temple Murals in China. Complete Collection of Temple Murals in China. Guangzhou: Guangdong Education Publishing House, 2011."},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","first-page":"22","article-title":"Research on cultural communication strategy of mural digital collection of temples and abbeys in Shaanxi province","volume":"14","author":"Zhang C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang C, Lei T. Research on cultural communication strategy of mural digital collection of temples and abbeys in Shaanxi province. J News Res 2023; 14(10): 22\u201324.","journal-title":"J News Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XL-5-W7-495-2015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/EL-09-2021-0173"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","first-page":"119","article-title":"Review of image sentiment analysis","volume":"3","author":"Wang R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang R, Meng X. Review of image sentiment analysis. Document Inform Knowl 2020; 3: 119\u2013127.","journal-title":"Document Inform Knowl"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-018-6445-z"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","first-page":"126","article-title":"Research on emotion classification artistic images based on deep features and attention mechanism","volume":"12","author":"Yang S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang S, Liu J, Wu T. Research on emotion classification artistic images based on deep features and attention mechanism. Intel Comput Appl 2022; 12(2): 126\u2013132.","journal-title":"Intel Comput Appl"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2022.104559"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2019.105245"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","first-page":"64","article-title":"The evolution of online public opinion based on spatial autocorrelation","volume":"2","author":"Jingqi W","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jingqi W, Rui L, Huayi W. The evolution of online public opinion based on spatial autocorrelation. Data Anal Knowl Discover 2018; 2(2): 64\u201373.","journal-title":"Data Anal Knowl Discover"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/EL-05-2023-0134"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2002.1040019"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","first-page":"104","article-title":"Research on mobile visual search model for Dunhuang murals","volume":"42","author":"Zeng Z","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zeng Z, Sun S. Research on mobile visual search model for Dunhuang murals. Inform Document Serv 2021; 42(2): 104\u2013112.","journal-title":"Inform Document Serv"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.00010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","unstructured":"Kipf TN Welling M. Semi-supervised classification with graph convolutional networks. arXiv 2016 https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1609.02907"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","unstructured":"Devlin J Chang MW Lee K et al. Bert: pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. arXiv 2018 https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1810.04805"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","first-page":"187","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd Nordic conference on computational linguistics","author":"Hoang M","unstructured":"Hoang M, Bihorac OA, Rouces J. Aspect-based sentiment analysis using bert. In: Proceedings of the 22nd Nordic conference on computational linguistics, Turku, 30 September\u20132 October 2019, pp. 187\u2013196. Leipzig: ACL."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.953"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03192732"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2023.103378"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2021.3124365"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-9326-7_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.120641"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494-022-00799-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2019.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00123"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2024.103646"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhtm.2018.03.005"}],"container-title":["Journal of Information Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/01655515241293766","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/01655515241293766","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/01655515241293766","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T12:24:36Z","timestamp":1780748676000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/01655515241293766"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,17]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/01655515241293766"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01655515241293766","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-5515","1741-6485"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-5515","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-6485","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,17]]}}}