{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T16:08:02Z","timestamp":1759939682018,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,6,1]],"date-time":"1997-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":865123200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Information Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Developments in copyright have always been related to technological change. With each technological advance facilitating easier multiple copying, right holders have lobbied successfully for further extensions in copyright protection. As copyright has been strengthened, governments have been left to maintain the balance by providing for exceptions. The evolution of digital technologies has placed this balance under even greater stress. Digitalisation has extended the ability for easy multiple copying (without any degradation in quality) and combined it with ease of manipulability and transmittability across the globe. <\/jats:p><jats:p> The European Commission\u2019s 1995 Green Paper has made proposals for copyright in this new context. However, it has failed adequately to reflect the broader social and cultural dimensions of the problems it has identified. While addressing issues of industry and informational convergence, it has neglected the interrelationships of these changes with citizenship. A consequence of this has been proposals that, if implemented, will produce a dramatic imbalance in copyright with detrimental impacts on the whole of the information society. If information is to become as central to our economic \u2018well being\u2019, as is claimed, then there is an even greater need for vigilance in maintaining this balance. A recent example of how the Commission tends to handle such rights can be seen in the database Directive. The problems this raises for users are examined. <\/jats:p><jats:p> This paper examines the basic principles underpinning copyright in the context of the European Commission proposals. An historical perspective highlights the growth of copyright and the arguments that continue to be employed by right holders to push for more protection. The paper illustrates that, to safeguard information access in the digital realm any further, extensions in copyright must be balanced with reciprocal exceptions. The paper ends with some suggestions for possible future exceptions in the digital domain. The major concern is that copying may well be forbidden in digital environments without a proper consideration of the relationship between copying, information use and knowledge generation. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/016555159702300305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,18]],"date-time":"2004-12-18T01:36:35Z","timestamp":1103333795000},"page":"209-223","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Rights and responsibilities in the digital age: problems with stronger                 copyright in an information society"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Tamara","family":"Eisenschitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"City University, London, UK,"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Namur, Belgium"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,6,1]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"The Political Economy of Information","year":"1988","author":"H. Schiller","key":"atypb1"},{"issue":"6","key":"atypb2","first-page":"345","volume":"18","author":"P. Loughlan","year":"1996","journal-title":"European Intellectual Property Review"},{"volume-title":"Copyright Problems of Electronic Document Delivery","year":"1995","author":"P.B. Hugenholtz","key":"atypb3"},{"unstructured":"[4] According to European Commission figures, 4,500 copies of the Green Paper                 were sent out and 350 written responses were received, the overwhelming majority of                 which were from powerful and articulate right-holder industries. Those familiar with                 the European Commission consultation procedures on copyright will be aware that the                 majority who hear about and attend these \u2018public\u2019 consultations                 are representatives of right-holder organisations. While the reasons for this                 over-representation of right holders and under-representation of users are many and                 varied, not least of which is the difficulty of identifying and enfranchising                 \u2018users\u2019, the observation is not invalidated. It must be                 questioned whether enough is being done to identify, locate and listen to                 representatives of the \u2018public interest\u2019. The democratic deficit                 evident in these discussions of this type is not restricted simply to the European                 Union, but is also observable in World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) and                 World Trade Organisation (WTO) consultations. In the USA, mechanisms for ensuring                 that the public interest is at least \u2018heard\u2019 in policy-making                 circles appear to work marginally better: perhaps lessons can be learned?","key":"atypb4"},{"issue":"5","key":"atypb5","first-page":"253","volume":"18","author":"J. Laddie","year":"1996","journal-title":"European Intellectual Property Review"},{"issue":"8","key":"atypb6","first-page":"429","volume":"18","author":"J. Phillips","year":"1996","journal-title":"European Intellectual Property Review"},{"volume-title":"Green Paper on Copyright and the Challenge of Technology","year":"1988","author":"Commission of the European Communities","key":"atypb7"},{"issue":"122","key":"atypb8","author":"Council of the European Communities","year":"1991","journal-title":"Official Journal of the European Communities"},{"issue":"77","key":"atypb9","author":"Council of the European Communities","year":"1996","journal-title":"Official Journal of the European Communities"},{"volume-title":"Green Paper on Copyright and Related Rights in the Information Society","year":"1995","author":"Commission of the European Communities","key":"atypb10"},{"volume-title":"Follow-up Green Paper on Copyright and Related Rights in the Information Society","year":"1996","key":"atypb11"},{"volume-title":"Green Paper on Copyright and Related Rights in the Information Society","year":"1996","key":"atypb12"},{"volume-title":"ComEd IPRs in Telecommunications and Multimedia - The Global Perspective Conference","author":"J. Gaster","key":"atypb13"},{"issue":"8","key":"atypb14","first-page":"431","volume":"18","author":"T.C. Vinje","year":"1996","journal-title":"European Intellectual Property Review"},{"volume-title":"Reply to the Green Paper on Copyright and Related rights in the Information Society","year":"1995","author":"Legal Advisory Board","key":"atypb15"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Directorate-General XIII Legal Advisory Board Conference \u2018Access to Public Information: A Key to Commercial Growth and Electronic Democracy\u2019","key":"atypb16"},{"volume-title":"European Commission sponsored conference \u2018Access to Public Information: A Key to Commercial Growth and Electronic Democracy\u2019","author":"R. Gellman","key":"atypb17"},{"issue":"6","key":"atypb18","first-page":"322","volume":"18","author":"K. Bowrey","year":"1996","journal-title":"European Intellectual Property Review"},{"issue":"8","key":"atypb19","first-page":"361","volume":"17","author":"T.C. Vinje","year":"1995","journal-title":"European Intellectual Property Review"},{"issue":"10","key":"atypb20","first-page":"488","volume":"17","author":"Y. Gendreau","year":"1995","journal-title":"European Intellectual Property Review"},{"issue":"290","key":"atypb21","author":"Council of the European Communities","year":"1993","journal-title":"Official Journal of the European Communities"},{"volume-title":"Copyright Theft","year":"1995","author":"J. Gurnsey","key":"atypb22"},{"key":"atypb23","first-page":"19","author":"P.G. Altbach","year":"1993","journal-title":"The Bookseller"},{"unstructured":"[24] Amstrad Consumer Electronics plc v. British Phonograph                     Industry (BPI) Ltd [1986] Fleet Street Reports 159.","key":"atypb24"},{"volume-title":"IBC Conference on Copyright and Digital Technology - Preparing for the Future","author":"D. Gerard","key":"atypb25"},{"issue":"8","key":"atypb26","first-page":"195","volume":"11","author":"D. Mason","year":"1983","journal-title":"Aslib Information"},{"issue":"2","key":"atypb27","first-page":"79","volume":"18","author":"W. Rumphorst","year":"1996","journal-title":"European Intellectual Property Review"},{"key":"atypb28","first-page":"84","author":"J.P. Barlow","year":"1994","journal-title":"Wired"},{"issue":"11","key":"atypb29","first-page":"398","volume":"13","author":"D. Good","year":"1991","journal-title":"European Intellectual Property Review"},{"year":"11","author":"T. Jackson","journal-title":"Financial Times","key":"atypb30"},{"unstructured":"[31] For comments and assistance with this section, the authors would like to                 thank Michele Ledger, Centre de Recherches Informatique et Droit (CRID), Namur, Belgium.","key":"atypb31"},{"unstructured":"[32] No.XV\/96\/46\/E \u2018relatif aux limitations et exceptions relatives                 aux droits applicable \u00e0 l\u2019exploitation d\u2019oeuvres et                 autres prestations dans le contexte de la fourniture de services en ligne\u2019.","key":"atypb32"},{"volume-title":"An Assessment of Long-term Solutions in the Context of Copyright and Electronic Delivery Systems and Multimedia Products","year":"1995","author":"T. Hoeren","key":"atypb33"},{"unstructured":"[34] Diplomatic Conference on Certain Copyright and Neighbouring Rights                 Questions, WIPO, Geneva, 2-20 December 1996. Provisional documents, 30 August 1996                 set out basic proposals for: Administrative and final clauses (CRNR\/DC\/3);                 Substantive provisions on literary and artistic works (CRNR\/DC\/4); Substantive                 provisions on the rights of performers and phonogram producers (CRNR\/DC\/5);                 Substantive provisions on databases (CRNR\/DC\/6).","key":"atypb34"},{"volume-title":"An Investigation of Current Practice with Contractual Arrangements and Copyright Clearing Services","year":"1995","author":"C. Clark","key":"atypb35"},{"volume-title":"IBC Conference on Copyright and Digital Technology - Preparing for the Future","author":"V. Marshland","key":"atypb36"},{"volume-title":"Europe\u2019s Way to the Information Society: An Action Plan","year":"1994","author":"Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament","key":"atypb37"},{"unstructured":"In 1993, the US Clinton administration set up the National Information                 Infrastructure Initiative.","key":"atypb37"},{"unstructured":"In 1994, the Canadian government set up the Information Highway Advisory Council.","key":"atypb37"},{"volume-title":"Information Society: Agenda for Action in the UK","author":"the House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology","key":"atypb37"},{"volume-title":"Legal Advisory Board Conference \u2018Legal Aspects of Multimedia and GIS\u2019","author":"Y. Poullet","key":"atypb38"},{"volume-title":"workshop on \u2018Understanding Information Policy\u2019, held at Cumberland Lodge","author":"T.S. Eisenschitz","key":"atypb39"}],"container-title":["Journal of Information Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/016555159702300305","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/016555159702300305","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T12:05:25Z","timestamp":1741003525000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/016555159702300305"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,6]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/016555159702300305"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/016555159702300305","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-5515","1741-6485"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0165-5515"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1741-6485"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,6]]}}}