{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T01:15:48Z","timestamp":1767662148428,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,10,1]],"date-time":"1997-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":875664000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Information Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      The rise of the information society has been accompanied by an enduring and high                     level of unemployment. This paper aims to analyse the relationship between                     information technology and employment as a \u2018systemic                     property\u2019 of societies, in terms of \u2018\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">per capita<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                      labour demand\u2019. Combining studies at various levels of aggregation,                     the paper concludes that, in the long run, technological development results in                     declining levels of employment. In a next step, differences in the employment                     structures of various developed countries are analysed. This produces an idea of                     the different possible futures of work in the information society.\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/016555159702300504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,17]],"date-time":"2004-12-17T20:36:35Z","timestamp":1103315795000},"page":"373-392","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The future of employment in the information society: a comparative,                 longitudinal and multi-level study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"van den Besselaar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands,"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"The Jobless Future, Sci-Tech and the Dogma of Work","author":"S. Anarowitz","year":"1994","unstructured":"[1] S. Anarowitz and W. 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Berdowski , Employment and the Use of Information Technology ( City Council, Amsterdam , 1988)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"The Microelectronic Revolution","author":"D. Bell","year":"1979","unstructured":"[5] D. Bell , The social framework of the information society. In: T. Forrester (ed.), The Microelectronic Revolution ( MIT Press, Cambridge , 1979)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Technical Change and Economic Theory","author":"R. Boyer","year":"1988","unstructured":"[6] R. Boyer , Technical change and the theory of regulation. In: G. Dosi et al. (eds), Technical Change and Economic Theory. ( Pinter, London , 1988)."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","article-title":"The growth of low wage employment: 1963-1986","volume":"78","author":"B. Bluestone","year":"1988","unstructured":"[7] B. Bluestone and B. 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Drumm (eds), Information Technology Assessment ( North-Holland, Amsterdam , 1991)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"On the Mysteries of Unemployment","author":"P. van den Besselaar","year":"1993","unstructured":"[51] P. van den Besselaar , National differences in serviceemployment: trends, causes, consequences. In: C. Verhaar et al. (eds), On the Mysteries of Unemployment ( Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht , 1993)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"Theorie und Praxis der Bek\u00e4mpfung der                     Langzeitarbeidslosigkeit in der EG","author":"P. van den Besselaar","year":"1993","unstructured":"[52] P. van den Besselaar , Long-term unemployment between technical change and policy options. In: H-E. Treu , P. Salustowicz , E. Oldenburg , H. Offe and H. Neuser (eds), Theorie und Praxis der Bek\u00e4mpfung der Langzeitarbeidslosigkeit in der EG ( Deutscher Studien Verlag, Munchen , 1993)."},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","DOI":"10.1145\/238339.238357"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"Information technology: no new jobs","volume":"8","author":"P. van den Besselaar","year":"1990","unstructured":"[54] P. van den Besselaar and Z. Berdowski , Information technology: no new jobs , Informatie en Informatiebeleid 8(2) (1990) 20-41 . [In Dutch.]","journal-title":"Informatie en Informatiebeleid"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","first-page":"165","article-title":"Information technology and the relation between paid and unpaid work","volume":"10","author":"P. van den Besselaar","year":"1994","unstructured":"[55] P. van den Besselaar and T. Mom , Information technology and the relation between paid and unpaid work , Tijdschrift voor Arbeidsvraagstukken 10(2) (1994) 165-179 . [In Dutch.]","journal-title":"Tijdschrift voor Arbeidsvraagstukken"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","volume-title":"Information Society, New Media, Ethics and Postmodernism","author":"P. van den Besselaar","year":"1996","unstructured":"[56] P. van den Besselaar and T. Mom , Technological change, social innovation and employment. In: K. Gill (ed.), Information Society, New Media, Ethics and Postmodernism ( Springer, London , 1996)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"Employment in the Information Society","author":"P. van den Besselaar","year":"1988","unstructured":"[57] P. van den Besselaar and K. Sommer , Employment in the Information Society ( SWI, Amsterdam , 1988). [In Dutch.]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"Some Remarks on the Relations Between Technology, Productivity, and                 Unemployment","author":"P. van den Besselaar","year":"1986","unstructured":"[58] P. van den Besselaar and A. Ruiter , Some Remarks on the Relations Between Technology, Productivity, and Unemployment [Unpublished paper, University of Amsterdam , 1986.]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","first-page":"79","article-title":"Industrial relations in the telecommunication sector: the Dutch case","volume":"25","author":"P. van den Besselaar","year":"1993","unstructured":"[59] P. van den Besselaar and J. Visser , Industrial relations in the telecommunication sector: the Dutch case , Bulletin of Comparative Industrial Relations 25 (1993) 79-184 .","journal-title":"Bulletin of Comparative Industrial Relations"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"The Long Wave in Economic Life","author":"J.J. Van Duijn","year":"1983","unstructured":"[60] J.J. Van Duijn , The Long Wave in Economic Life ( Allen and Unwin, London , 1983)."},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203991367"},{"unstructured":"[62] For overviews see [10 20].","key":"e_1_2_1_62_1"},{"unstructured":"[63] Other problems (e.g. definitions availability and reliability of data forecasting in a changing world the role of international trade) will not be discussed in this paper. For considerations of some of these issues see [16 20].","key":"e_1_2_1_63_1"},{"unstructured":"[64] See [20] for a more extended discussion.","key":"e_1_2_1_64_1"},{"unstructured":"[65] For a critique of definitions of the information society in terms of quantitative indicators see [61].","key":"e_1_2_1_65_1"},{"unstructured":"[66] In [57] we have shown that these patterns of \u2018jobless\u2019 and \u2018jobloose\u2019 growth exist on the industry level. See [17] and [25] for UK evidence.","key":"e_1_2_1_66_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"Employment Economics and Technology","author":"C.M. Cooper","year":"1982","unstructured":"[67] Not all economic schools have paid much attention to the effects of technological development on employment. The dominant bodies of theory of the 20th century (i.e. the neoclassical school and the Keynesian school) almost completely neglected the role of technological change in economic growth and unemployment - because these theories mainly were concerned with the short-term development. A concise overview is given by Cooper and Clark ( C.M. Cooper and J.A. Clark , Employment Economics and Technology ( Wheatsheaf, Brighton , 1982))."},{"unstructured":"[68] See for example [15 21 32 39 60]. Related is the French \u2018regulation\u2019 school e.g. [6].","key":"e_1_2_1_68_1"},{"unstructured":"[69] More details may be found in [58].","key":"e_1_2_1_69_1"},{"unstructured":"[70] More details can be found in [4 50 54].","key":"e_1_2_1_70_1"},{"unstructured":"[71] Details can be found in [49].","key":"e_1_2_1_71_1"},{"unstructured":"[72] Details can be found in [51].","key":"e_1_2_1_72_1"},{"volume-title":"National Accounts","author":"OECD","unstructured":"[73] OECD , National Accounts;","key":"e_1_2_1_73_1"},{"volume-title":"Labour Force Statistics","author":"OECD","unstructured":"OECD , Labour Force Statistics;","key":"e_1_2_1_73_2"},{"volume-title":"International Labour Statistics","author":"ILO","unstructured":"ILO , International Labour Statistics;","key":"e_1_2_1_73_3"},{"volume-title":"World Development Report","author":"World Bank","unstructured":"World Bank , World Development Report. All are published annually.","key":"e_1_2_1_73_4"},{"unstructured":"[74] Details can be found in [55 56].","key":"e_1_2_1_74_1"},{"unstructured":"[75] In our sample mainly because plants moved to other parts of the Netherlands and because of mergers.","key":"e_1_2_1_75_1"}],"container-title":["Journal of Information Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/016555159702300504","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/016555159702300504","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T23:49:00Z","timestamp":1767656940000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/016555159702300504"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,10]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/016555159702300504"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/016555159702300504","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-5515","1741-6485"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0165-5515"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1741-6485"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,10]]}}}