{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:25:37Z","timestamp":1777854337937,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,2,1]],"date-time":"1998-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":886291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Information Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a neural network approach to document semantic indexing. A Hopfield net algorithm was used to simulate human associative memory for concept exploration in the domain of computer science and engineering. INSPEC, a collection of more than 320,000 document abstracts from leading journals, was used as the document testbed. Benchmark tests confirmed that three parameters (maximum number of activated nodes, \u220a - maximum allowable error, and maximum number of iterations) were useful in positively influencing network convergence behavior without negatively impacting central processing unit performance. Another series of benchmark tests was performed to determine the effectiveness of various filtering techniques in reducing the negative impact of noisy input terms. Preliminary user tests confirmed our expectation that the Hopfield net algorithm is potentially useful as an associative memory technique to improve document recall and precision by solving discrepancies between indexer vocabularies and end-user vocabularies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/016555159802400102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,17]],"date-time":"2004-12-17T20:36:35Z","timestamp":1103315795000},"page":"3-18","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Semantic indexing and searching using a Hopfield net"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Hsinchun","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arizona, Tucson, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arizona, Tucson, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea L.","family":"Houston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arizona, Tucson, USA.,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijl\/1.3.214"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"The Architecture of Cognition","author":"J.R. Anderson","year":"1983"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(199505)46:4<254::AID-ASI3>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(198611)37:6<357::AID-ASI1>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"atypb5","volume-title":"Connectionism and the Mind: An Introduction to Parallel Processing in Networks","author":"W. Bechtel","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3166.3197"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/321160.321165"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.1983.1654194"},{"key":"atypb9","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Text Retrieval Conference (TREC-3)","author":"C. Buckley"},{"key":"atypb10","volume-title":"Vocabulary Control and Search Strategies in Online Searching","author":"A.Y. Chamis","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/2.291290"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/21.179830"},{"issue":"2","key":"atypb13","first-page":"25","volume":"8","author":"H. Chen","year":"1993","journal-title":"IEEE EXPERT, Special Series on Artificial Intelligence in Text-based Information Systems"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(199701)48:1<17::AID-ASI4>3.0.CO;2-4"},{"key":"atypb15","author":"H. Chen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(199506)46:5<348::AID-ASI6>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"atypb17","volume-title":"Breaking the Semantic Barrier: A Concept Space Experiment on the Convex Exemplar Parallel Supercomputers: Technical Report","author":"H. Chen","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.531798"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(199504)46:3<175::AID-ASI3>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1925577"},{"key":"atypb21","first-page":"349","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","author":"W.B. Croft"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(90)90106-C"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/45.84097"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(199009)41:6<391::AID-ASI1>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/4917.001.0001"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/974235.974253"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/125490.125492"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/32206.32212"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/42372.42377"},{"key":"atypb30","volume-title":"Scientific Visualization: Advances and Challenges","author":"N. Gershon","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.8.2554"},{"issue":"4","key":"atypb32","first-page":"70","volume":"7","author":"S.D. Knapp","year":"1984","journal-title":"DATABASE"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/92755.92764"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1147\/rd.22.0159"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijl\/3.4.235"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-0271(72)90021-6"},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5267.1419"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(199106)42:5<378::AID-ASI8>3.0.CO;2-8"},{"key":"atypb39","first-page":"29","author":"R. Rau","year":"1995","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"atypb40","first-page":"115","volume":"71","author":"G. Salton","year":"1972","journal-title":"Information Processing"},{"key":"atypb41","volume-title":"Automatic Text Processing","author":"G. Salton","year":"1989"},{"key":"atypb42","first-page":"115","volume-title":"The Smart Retrieval System - Experiments in Automatic Document Processing","author":"G. Salton","year":"1971"},{"key":"atypb43","volume-title":"Introduction to Modern Information Retrieval","author":"G. Salton","year":"1983"},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/361219.361220"},{"key":"atypb45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/2.493453"},{"key":"atypb46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/2.493454"},{"key":"atypb47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/2.493457"},{"key":"atypb48","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Principles of Semantic Networks: Explorations in the Representation of Knowledge","author":"J.F. Sowa","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1287-104"},{"key":"atypb50","first-page":"171","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGIR","author":"E.M. Voorhees"},{"key":"atypb51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.4630360102"}],"container-title":["Journal of Information Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/016555159802400102","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/016555159802400102","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:05:39Z","timestamp":1777503939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/016555159802400102"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,2]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/016555159802400102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/016555159802400102","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-5515","1741-6485"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-5515","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-6485","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,2]]}}}